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THE  LIBRARY 
OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 

OF  CALIFORNIA 


PRESENTED  BY 

PROF.  CHARLES  A.  KOFOID  AND 
MRS.  PRUDENCE  W.  KOFOID 


POPULAR 

£)ccibu0its  ani)   febctgrccu 

TREES  AND  SHRUBS, 

FOR   PLANTING    IN 

PARKS,  GARDENS,  CEMETERIES,  ETC.,  ETC. 

BY 

F.  R.  ELLIOTT, 
gErarttner  anfr  Itamologtet, 

AUTHOR  OF  ''WESTERN  FRUIT  BOOK,"  ETC. 


NEW   YORK: 
THE     AMERICAN     NEWS     COMPANY, 

39    AND    41    CHAMBERS    STREET. 


KNJTERED      ACCORDING   TO    ACT    OF    CONGRESS,    IN   THK    TEAR    1868,    BY 

FRANCIS  W.  WOODWARD, 

IN  THE  CLERK'S  OFFICE  OF  THE  DISTRICT  COURT  OF  THK  UNITF,T>  STATES 
FOR  THE  SOUTHERN  DISTRICT  OF  NEW  YOtiK 


PREFACE. 


THE  preparation  of  the  following  pages  has  not 
been  with  intention  to  exhibit  or  inculcate  anything 
specially  new,  but  rather  to  put  in  plain,  every-day 
accessible  form  some  features  connected  with  trees 
and  shrubs  for  planting  in  streets,  parks,  private 
grounds,  cemeteries,  etc.,  and  their  value  for  such 
purposes,  that  would  readily  enable  the  improver  of 
a  new  place  to  answer  for  himself  a  question  often 
asked,  viz.,  ""What  shall  I  plant?" 

I  have  endeavored,  in  plain  language,  to  depict 
the  leading  prominent  habits  of  trees,  to  give  some- 
what of  the  heights,  etc.,  to  which  they  attain,  and 
the  soils  in  which  they  best  succeed.  I  have  also 
ventured  to  suggest  some  of  the  places  and  positions 
in  which  their  use  will  be  most  satisfactory. 

I  have  made  no  attempt  to  give  a  list  of  all  known 
trees  and  shrubs,  nor  to  classify  them  scientifically ; 
nor  yet  have  I  designed  to  forestall  the  needs  of  a 

M349358 


IV  PREFACE. 

landscape  gardener  in  the  creation  of  taste  and  effect ; 
but  have  written  with  a  view  to  meet  a  popular  and 
general  want  of  the  public  when  performing  their 
own  planting,  as  brought  to  my  knowledge  in  my 
professional  life. 

If  the  hints  here  offered  assist,  even  to  a  limited 
extent,  in  creating  more  judicious  placing  of  tree  or 
shrub  in  private  gardens  or  public  cemeteries,  the 
object  of  writing  will  be  accomplished ;  and  with 
hope  thereof  it  is  offered  to  the  public. 

CLEVELAND,  OHIO,  June,  1868. 


CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER  I.  PAGB 

INTRODUCTORY 7 

CHAPTER   II. 
DECIDUOUS  TREES  . .  9 


CHAPTER  III. 
WEEPING  DECIDUOUS  TREES 45 

CHAPTER  IV. 
DECIDUOUS  PLANTS  WITH  COLORED  OR  VARIEGATED  FOLIAGE    56 

CHAPTER  V. 
EVERGREEN  TREES 57 

CHAPTER  VI. 
WEEPING  EVERGREEN  TREES 80 

CHAPTER  VII. 
EVERGREEN  SHRUBS 82 

CHAPTER  VIII. 
ORNAMENTAL  DECIDUOUS  SHRUBS 92 


POPULAR 

DECIDUOUS  AND   EVERGREEN 

TREES    AND    SHRUBS. 


CHAPTER    I. 

INTRODUCTORY. 

"  A  TASTE  for  rural  improvements  of  every  description,"  says 
Downing,  "is  advancing  silently,  but  with  great  rapidity  in 
this  country."  This  is  evident  from  the  immense  number  of 
trees  and  shrubs  that  are  planted  from  year  to  year  in  all  private 
and  public  grounds,  upon  the  borders  of  our  country  roads,  the 
streets  of  our  small  towns  and  villages,  and  the  suburbs  of  large 
cities. 

As  a  nation  we  progress  rapidly  in  the  accumulation  of 
wealth,  and  perhaps  we  may  with  safety  be  called  a  u  money- 
getting  people ;"  but  with  all  our  love  of  money  it  has  thus  far 
in  the  course  been  gained  more  for  the  enjoyments  it  would 
purchase,  or  the  good  the  owner  was  enabled  to  do  therewith, 
than  for  the  simple,  yet  base,  purpose  of  hoarding.  While  we 
have  no  law  to  compel  a  man  to  plant  a  tree  upon  the  roadside 
on  reaching  manhood's  age,  or  upon  the  birth  of  each  child,  we 
have  as  a  people  so  much  of  enterprise  and  taste,  so  much 
ambition  and  love  of  home  adornment,  that  we  are  unwilling  to 
rest  quiet  without  the  association,  comfort,  and  enjoyment  in  all 
ways  derived  from  cooling  shades  and  fragrant  flowers. 


8  LAWN   AND    SHADE   TREES. 

We  are  yet  a  young  people,  and  in  many  places  the  trees  that 
adorn  our  homes  and  our  streets  have  grown  with  our  growth ; 
and  while  we  are  to  pass  away,  they  are  to  remain  life-enduring 
monuments  of  our  labors  and  examples  of  instruction  to  our 
children's  children  for  generations  to  come. 

In  years  gone  by,  our  street  shades,  as  well  as  those  adorning 
our  homes,  had  to  contend  against  depredations  of  roving  cattle, 
horses,  etc. ;  but  thanks  to  the  courts,  and  more  recently  to  some 
of  our  State  laws,  it  is  fast  coming  to  the  comprehension  of  the 
multitude,  that  our  roadways  are  public  property  only  as  they 
may  be  properly  and  soberly  used  as  passage-ways,  and  that 
otherwise  they  belong  to  the  owners  of  the  land  adjoining. 
When  this  feature  is  more  generally  known  and  adopted,  we 
look  to  see  our  roadways  and  public  pleasure  drives  more 
generally  adorned  with  tree  and  shrub  in  front  of  each  man's 
land  as  may  please -his  taste  or  suit  the  position. 

More  variety  of  trees  can  also  be  safely  planted ;  and  as  the 
light  wire  fences  or  well-trimmed  hedges  gradually  take  the 
place  of  heavy  boards,  rails,  or  pickets,  our  roadways  will  soon 
present  more  the  appearance  of  park  drives  than  pathways  to 
market. 

In  the  following  pages  it  has  been  the  object  of  the  author  to 
so  plainly  describe  each  tree  and  shrub,  with  its  adaptation  to 
positions  and  soils,  that  the  most  complete  novice  in  tree  planting 
may  read  and  understand,  and  thereby  advance  the  beauty  of 
our  roadsides,  cemeteries,  and  private  homes. 


DECIDUOUS   TREES.  9 


CHAPTER    II. 

DECIDUOUS   TREES. 

THE  ASH — Fraxinus. — There  are  many  varieties  of  the  ash, 
all  more  or  less  valuable  both  as  ornamental  shade  trees  and  for 
timber  uses.  The  European  ash — fraxinus  excelsior — is  a  lofty 
tree,  with  more  of  a  spreading  head  than  our  American — 
fraxinus  Americanus — varieties,  and  is  the  one  generally  grown 
and  sold  at  the  nurseries.  As  a  street  tree,  along  suburban  or 
country  roads,  and  for  creating  apparent  elevations  in  landscape, 
or  for  forming  the  point  tree  of  a  background,  both  the  European 
and  American  are  good.  We  prefer  the  European  for  street 
planting,  and  the  American  for  effect  in  the  landscape,  but  use  it 
only  in  grounds  of  considerable  extent. 

For  places  of  small  extent,  both  the  European  and  American 
are  of  too  large  growth.  A  rich,  deep,  and  moist,  almost  wet, 
soil  suits  the  ash  best ;  but  it  succeeds  well  in  almost  any  soil  or 
Situation,  being  very  hardy  and  entirely  free  from  insects. 

Of  the  fancy  varieties,  the  GOLD-BARKED  (aurea)  is  most 
notable,  because  of  the  bright  yellow  of  its  branches,  forming 
with  its  singular  contorted  or  irregular,  upright,  spreading 
growth  a  conspicuous  object  in  winter.  The  WILLOW-LEAVED 
(solid/olio)  has  narrow  wavy  leaves,  and  is  perhaps  one  of  the 
strongest  growers ;  while  the  MYRTLE-LEAVED  (mridis)  is  of  a 
stunted  or  dwarfed  habit  with  very  dark  green  myrtle-like 
leaves,  and  is  valuable  only  as  a  curiosity,  or  for  a  position  on 
the  point  of  two  diverging  roads  or  paths ;  and  for  this  latter 
purpose  perhaps  a  better  variety  is  one  under  the  name  of 
DWARF  GLOBE-HEADED,  which  originated  with  Messrs.  Ellwanger 

1* 


10 


LAWN    AND    SHADE    TREES. 


&  Barry,  of  Rochester,  N.  Y. ;  this,  when  grafted  or  budded  on 
stocks  of  the  excelsior  or  Americana,  at  a  height  of  about  six  feet, 
forms  a  very  pleasing  ornamental  dwarf  tree. 

Of  the  other  varieties,  such  as  the  crisp-leaved,  gold  blotched  - 
leaved,  etc.,  we  have  no  occasion  here  to  speak,  because  they  are 
only  desirable  in  very  large  collections,  where  variety  rather 
than  beauty  or  usefulness  is  the  object  sought. 


FIG.  1.— AMERICAN  ASH. 

The  FLOWERING  ASH — ornus  Europceus — is  a  tree  of  an  entire 
different  habit.  While  an  ash,  and  growing  rapidly  when 
young,  it  soon  appears  to  have  become  mature,  and  seldom 
gets  above  twenty  to  thirty  feet  high,  with  a  round  ball-like 
head  of  about  fifteen  to  twenty  feet  diameter.  Its  clean  foliage 
and  regular  habit,  together  with  the  numerous  white  flowers 
which  it  bears  in  May  or  June,  according  to  the  climate  in 


DECIDUOUS    TREES.  11 

which  it  is  grown,  renders  it  desirable  for  planting  in  grounds 
of  an  extent  of  two  or  more  acres.  There  is  a  variety  of  this, 
macrophylla,  with  larger  foliage  and  stronger  growth,  that  is 
desirable  where  two  or  more  trees  are  to  be  planted. 

AILANTUS — Glandulosa. — The  Chinese  Ailantus,  or  Tree  of 
Heaven  as  it  is  often  called,  has  received  much  fulsome  praise 
and  equally  unjust  censure.  It  is  a  tree  that  grows  rapidly,  and 
in  almost  any  soil ;  is  entirely  free  from  insects,  and  although  not 
graceful,  yet  its  strong  shoots  or  arms  of  rusty  brown  young 
wood,  taken  with  its  long  and  singular  foliage  and  profusion  of 
whitish  green  flowers,  create  a  tree  of  no  mean  attraction.  There 
are  two  sexes,  both  of  which  produce  flowers,  the  male  much 
less  abundantly  than  the  female;  and  while  the  male  suckers 
freely,  the  female  does  not.  It  should  never  be  planted  near 
dwellings,  or  where  the  ground  is  to  be  dug.  It  grows  freely 
while  young;  but  once  it  has  attained  a  height  of  fifteen  to 
twenty  feet  and  comes  into  flowering,  it  increases  in  size  more 
slowly. 

BEECH — Fagus. — Our  AMERICAN  BEECH — fagus  Americana — 
we  rank  as  combining  in  itself  more  of  beauty,  grace,  and  mag- 
nificence than  perhaps  any  other  of  our  forest  trees.  True,  it  has 
not  the  grandeur  of  the  oak ;  but  with  its  stateliness  of  upright, 
spreading  growth,  every  line  and  twig  is  one  of  graceful  ease ; 
and  from  the  first  opening  of  the  buds  in  spring,  onward  until 
in  full  foliage,  its  glossiness  and  changing  shades  are  a  constant 
and  varying  feature  of  beauty.  In  winter,  its  delicate  spray 
combined  with  the  prominence  of  its  long  pointed  buds  make 
it  especially  an  object  of  attraction  and  admiration.  Some 
planters  object  to  the  beech  on  account  of  a  tendency  to  sucker, 
but  we  have  never  found  it  so  where  the  roots  remained 
unbroken  by  cultivation. 

Young  trees  should  always  be  procured  with  branches  starting 
from  near  the  ground,  and  rarely  does  it  need  the  knife  applied 


12 


LAWN    AND    SHADE    TEEES. 


to  give  it  regularity  and  symmetry  of  form.  A  deep  loamy, 
rather  moist  soil  gives  it  most  vigor  and  causes  it  to  grow  to  a 
large  size;  but  it  also  grows  freely  in  poor  thin  soils,  as  the 
roots  spread  widely  and  keep  near  the  surface.  It  is  admirably 
adapted  to  grouping  with  the  hemlock,  and  with  sequoia  gigantea, 
or  the  mammoth  evergreen  tree  of  California;  but  as  a  single 
lawn  tree  it  has  no  superior,  and  should  be  planted  wherever 


FIG.  2. — AMERICAN  BEECH. 

room   can  be  given   for  its  development  without   destroying 
breadth  or  character  of  grounds. 

Of  fancy  varieties  of  the  beech,  the  true  purple-leaved  (pur- 
pured)  is  the  most  desirable.  It  has  rather  stronger  limbs  and 
twigs  than  the  common  plain  variety,  and  the  young  shoots  and 
buds  are  of  a  rose  color,  while  the  foliage  when  young  or  half 
grown  is  of  a  reddish  purple  tinge,  forming  a  pleasing  and 


DECIDUOUS    TKEES.  13 

attractive  contrast  with  the  green  of  other  trees.  The  cut-leaved 
(incisa)  forms,  while  young,  a  vigorous,  well-marked  tree  with 
leaves  variously  cut,  resembling  in  some  cases  ferns,  in  others 
willows ;  as  it  gets  age,  however,  these  markings  of  the  foliage 
become  less  and  less  distinct.  The  crested,  silver,  and  gold- 
striped  leaved  varieties  are  all  singular  and  pretty,  but  their 
growth  is  feeble,  rendering  them  only  desirable  for  an  arboretum. 
The  oak-leaved  (quercifolid)  and  large-leaved  (macrophylla)  are 
varieties  of  comparatively  new  introduction,  and  may  prove 
valuable  for  general  planting,  but  as  yet  it  can  only  be  advisable 
to  give  them  place  in  large  grounds. 

BIRCH — Betula. — Few  of  our  native  trees  grow  more  rapidly 
while  young,  or  are  more  easily  transplanted  than  the  birch.  It 
grows  freely  in  any  soil,  not  wet ;  and  where  a  graceful,  light- 
foliaged  tree  is  wanted,  few  have  better  claims  on  the  planter's 
attention.  There  are  many  varieties,  some  of  them  growing  only 
a  few  feet  high,  as  fruticosa,  nana,  etc. ;  but  the  common  black 
birch  (nigra),  and  the  tall  birch  (excelsa),  together  with  the 
European  white  birch  (alba),  are  the  varieties  most  in  use.  They 
are  admirable  for  crowning  a  rocky  point  or  ledge ;  for  grouping 
with  the  larch  or  hemlock,  and  by  their  pensile  spray  and 
adaptation  to  poor  soils  well  suited  for  planting  in  cemeteries. 
In  autumn,  the  foliage  when  about  to  drop  off  becomes  a  bright 
yellow  or  scarlet. 

BUTTERNUT — Juglans  cinerea. — Although  not  strictly  to  be 
classed  among  ornamental  trees,  yet  the  rapidity  of  growth 
while  young,  the  habit  of  early  bearing,  together  with  the  great 
value  of  its  fruit,  make  the  butternut  a  tree  desirable  to  plant 
wherever  a  suitable  place  can  be  found.  Its  branches  spread 
out  horizontally,  so  that  often  the  tree  has  more  breadth  than 
height,  ancj  its  foliage  is  so  sparse  that  it  must  not  be  counted 
upon  as  a  shade  under  which  to  rest  from  the  noonday  sun ;  but 
if  there  is  a  rich  spot  of  ground — for  it  requires  rich  soil — where 


V 

14:  LAWN    AND    SHADE    TEEES. 

this  tree  can  be  grown,  our  advice  is  to  plant  it.     It  groups  well 
with  the  Austrian  or  Scotch  pines. 

CATALPA — Syringafolia. — A  native  of  our  Southern  States, 
the  catalpa  or  shavanon  is  one  of  our  most  showy  as  well  as 
rapid  growing  trees.  Unfortunately  it  is  not  quite  hardy  in 
our  Northern  sections,  and  can  not  safely  be  introduced  and 
planted  except  in  positions  where  it  can  have  some  protection 
from  our  bright  suns  of  winter.  It  is  a  tree  that  is  suitable  for 


FIG.  3.— BUTTERNUT. 

grouping  with  the  Austrian,  Scotch  ,or  yellow  pines ;  but  when 
grown  singly,  its  masses  of  white  and  purple  flowers  render  it  a 
tree  of  beauty  unequaled  only  by  the  Paulownia.  As  a  street 
or  park  tree,  wherever  it  will  endure  the  winters,  it  is  one  of  the 
best.  A  light  dry  soil  is  best  suited  to  its  growth. 

CHESTNUT — Casta?iea. — The  perfect  hardihood,  rapid  growth, 
erect  yet  spreading  head,  clean  glossy  foliage,  entirely  exempt 
from  insects,  and  the  richness  of  its  fruit  render  our  common 


DECIDUOUS    TKEES,  15 

sweet  chestnut  more  worthy  of  attention  and  liberal  planting 
than  it  has  ever  received 

As  a  park  or  street  tree,  its  very  habit  of  yielding  good  fruit 
we  suppose  would  be  the  first  objection  made  to  its  introduction, 
because  of  the  liability  of  its  brandies  being  broken  by  reckless 
boys  and  lawless  men.  We  can  only  say  this  is  no  fault  of  the 
tree,  but  is  a  bad  mark  for  those  who  educate  the  boys,  and  an 
indication  that  we  have  many  laws  that  are  made  only  to  be 
broken. 

Every  planter  of  private  grounds  who  has  room  should  use 
the  chestnut,  as  it  is  in  itself  as  a  tree  beautiful,  whether  singly 
or  in  groups,  of  easy  cultivation,  and  produces  fruit  of  value  as 
profitable  one  year  with  another  as  an  apple-tree.  A  light,  dry, 
yet  rich  soil  suits  it  best,  but  it  will  grow  in  any  good  soil  that 
is  well  drained.  It  is  somewhat  difficult  to  transplant  after  the 
trees  are  more  than  three  years  from  the  seed,  but  by  cutting 
around  the  roots  one  season  previous,  trees  of  considerable  size 
can  be  safely  removed. 

The  French  Marron  or  Spanish  chestnut  we  •  have  found 
equally  hardy,  and  as  their  fruit  is  much  larger  where  the  trees 
can  be  had,  they  will  be  the  best. 

COFFEE  TREE — Gymnocladus.  —  The  Kentucky  coffee  tree 
(gymnodadus  canadensis}  is  a  singular  tree,  remarkable  and 
always  attracting  attention,  but  without  any  feature  that  would 
otherwise  call  it  into  use  as  one  to  plant  in  ornamenting  grounds. 
Its  wood  has  no  appearance  of  buds,  and  in  winter  it  looks  like 
a  dead  tree ;  but  when  it  puts  on  its  foliage,  which  is  often  very 
long  and  wide,  and  of  a  dull  bluish  green,  its  character  is  very 
much  improved.  As  a  curiosity  in  large  collections  it  is  desir- 
able. Rich,  deep,  moist  soil  gives  it  the  greatest  vigor. 

CHERRY — Cerasus. — Under  the  name  of  wild  or  BIRD  CHERRY 
there  are  several  varieties  popularly  recognized,  but  only  that 
classed  by  botanists  as  Virginiana  is  desirable  for  parks  or 


16  LAWN    AND    SHADE  TREES. 

private  grounds.  The  tree  grows  rapidly,  and  while  its  slender 
branches  droop,  its  form  is  upright,  spreading,  and  when  in 
good  soil  attaining  a  very  large  size.  Like  the  birch,  graceful 
and  pliant,  swaying  to  every  breeze  its  glossy  foliage  in  the 
summer  season ;  and  its  delicate,  long,  slender,  purplish  red  spray 
in  winter  make  the  bird  cherry  a  veiy  desirable  tree  for  many 
situations. 

As  a  street  tree  it  would  be  unsuitable,  and  for  small  grounds 
it  grows  too  large.  Birds  seem  attracted  always  to  it,  and 
nest  in  it  perhaps  more  than  in  any  other  tree. 

The  PERFUMED  or  MAHALEB  CHERRY  is  another  variety  of 
great  beauty  and  value  as  an  ornamental  tree.  It  makes  a  small 
or  dwarf  tree  of  only  fifteen  to  twenty  feet  high,  and  may  be 
grown  in  any  soil,  from  the  very  poorest  to  its  opposite.  For 
planting  in  cemeteries  and  small  private  grounds,  its  light  and 
abundant  spray,  pale  green  leaves,  strong  yet  agreeable  perfume 
of  wood,  flowers,  and  fruit,  make  for  it  a  strong  claim  for 
position.  As  a  foreground  also  to  groups  of  larger  growing 
trees,  whether  evergreen  or  deciduous,  it  is  admirable. 

The  DOUBLE  FLOWERING  CHERRY,  a  variety  of  the  heart 
cherries,  from  its  vigorous  growth  and  profusion  of  double  white 
flowers,  like  miniature  roses  in  early  spring,  is  a  valuable  tree 
for  roadsides  in  the  country,  inclosed  parks,  or  extensive 
private  grounds. 

DECIDUOUS  CYPRESS — Taxodium  distichia. — Although  a  na- 
tive of  our  Southern  States,  the  deciduous  cypress  proves 
hardy  in  our  Middle  and  also  over  a  great  portion  of  our 
Northern  States.  In  foliage  it  is  different  from  all  other 
trees ;  with  a  resemblance  to  the  hemlock,  it  has  a  light  bright 
green  leaf  combined  with  an  airy  lightness  of  great  elegance, 
pleasing  and  attractive  to  all.  In  low,  wet  grounds,  as  in  its 
native  habitat,  it  grows  to  a  large  tree ;  but  planted  in  our 
common  garden  soils,  it  forms  a  tree  of  only  medium  height,  say 


DECIDUOUS   TKEES. 


17 


twenty  to  thirty  feet.  As  it  pushes  its  roots  deep  into  the 
ground,  it  is  always  best  to  transplant  young  trees.  In  private 
grounds  of  an  acre  or  more  extent,  one  or  more  trees  should 
always  be  planted.  Grouped  with  hemlocks  and  firs,  its  light 


FIG.  4.— DECIDUOUS  CYPRESS. 

green  foliage  and  airiness  contrast  beautifully  with  the  more 
somber  shades  of  the  evergreens. 

DOGWOOD —  Cornus. — The  COMMON  DOGWOOD  (cornus  florida) 
abounds  in  almost  all  sections  of  the  Middle  States.  Without 
pretending  rank  as  a  tree,  for  it  does  not  often  grow  above 


18  LAWN    AND    SHADE   TREES. 

twenty  feet  high,  its  profusion  of  pure  white  flowers  in  early 
spring  have  drawn  attention  of  ornamental  planters  to  it,  until 
it  is  now  sought  for  and  planted  by  every  landscapist  of  any 
taste.  As  a  small  tree  to  skirt  the  boundaries  of  evergreen 
groups,  peeping  out  from  among  them  with  its  snowy  flowers 
in  spring,  and  its  brilliant  red  berries  and  dark  red  foliage  in 
autumn,  we  have  few  equal  to  it. 

There  is  a  variegated-leaved  variety  also,  with  its  leaves- 
blotched  with  white,  that  when  the  plant  is  to  stand  with  other 
deciduous  trees  is  better  because  of  the  greater  attraction 
created  by  its  foliage;  and  there  is  also  one,  the  tanguinea, 
with  its  young  shoots  of  a  bright  scarlet  color,  that  is  extremely 
ornamentaly  whether  planted  by  itself  or  against  a  relief  of 
evergreens.  The  European  dogwood  (mascula)  has  small 
yellow  flowers  of  no  great  beauty,  but  in  the  autumn  its  ova! 
scarlet  berries  are  very  ornamental,,  and  hang  a  long  time  on  the 
tree. 

ELM —  Ulmus. — From  the  abundance  of  elmsT  everywhere  native,, 
over  our  country,  and  the  almost  perfect  certainty  of  their  living 
and  growing  freely  when  transplanted  with  ordinary  care,  it  has 
become  one  of  our  most  popular  street  and  park  trees.  Grace- 
fully elegant  by  reason  of  its  long  sweeping  branches,  and  its 
loose  pendant  yet  tufted  masses  of  foliage,  vigorous  and  almost 
lofty  in  its  growth,  and  adapting  itself  as  it  were  to  all  soils,  wet 
or  dry,  clay  or  sand,  the  American  white  elm  has  no  superior  as 
a  street  or  park  tree,  where  it  can  be  planted  so  as  to  give  it 
room  for  development ;  but  when  planted,  as  it  too  often  is,  in 
small  grounds,  or  on  the  sides  of  narrow  streets  or  avenues 
where  its  limbs  have  to  be  lopped  off  or  trimmed  up,  it  is 
unsuited,  because  in  so  doing  its  beauty  is  destroyed,  and  the 
owner  has  only  a  long  bare  trunk  where  he  might  have  had, 
with  some  other  variety,  a  mass  of  foliage  and  beauty. 

The  red  elm  (fulva)  is  more  upright  in  its  growth  than  the 


DECIDUOUS    TREES.  19 

white,  and  docs  not  attain  as  great  size,  but  it  is  not  as  desirable 
for  planting  in  positions  too  confined  for  the  white  as  the 
European  (campestris)  or  Scotch  (montana)  elms. 

The  European  or  English  elm  forms  a  lofty  tree  of  less  spread- 
ing habit  than  our  white  elm,  and  in  retaining  its  foliage  later, 
extends  apparently  our  season  of  summer. 

As  a  shade  tree  it  is  more  compact  and  dense  in  its  foliage, 
and  therefore  more  suitable  in  the  formation  of  masses  or  groups. 


FIG.  5.— ENGLISH  ELM. 

A  great  number  of  varieties  of  this  species  occur  among  the 
trees  sold,  because  all  are  grown  from  seed,  and  the  planter  can 
frequently  select  trees  of  a  dozen  different  habits  among  those 
offered  by  the  dealer. 

The  Scotch  or  Wych  elm  is  a  variety  nearer  to  our  white  elm 
in  its  habits,  but  of  less  size  and  with  a  coarser  foliage.  It 
appears  to  be  suited  with  poor  soils,  where  our  white  elm  does 


20 


LAWN   AND    SHADE   TREES. 


not  flourish  finely,  and  for  use  in  planting  on  a  rocky  point  or 
hill  in  connection  with  the  birch  it  is  the  best. 

For  single  trees  on  lawns  of  small  extent,  the  cork-barked 
elm  (suberosa)  has  claims  that  commend  it  to  every  planter.  It 
is  vigorous  and  hardy,  foliage  rich  and  dark,  hanging  late  in 
autumn,  and  its  branches  and  twigs  covered  with  a  fungous 


FIG.  6.— JAPAN  GINKO. 


growth  of  a  cork-like  substance,  so  singular  and  curious  as  to 
attract  attention  and  admiration.  The  foliage  of  all  the  elms  in 
autumn  is  of  a  yellow  tint. 

GINKO — Scdisburia.--ThG  ginko  is  a  tree  of  great  botanical 


DECIDUOUS    TKEES.  21 

curiosity  because  of  its  peculiar  foliage,  unlike  that  of  any  other 
tree  or  shrub,  but  nearest  resembling  the  maiden-hair  fern. 
In  form  it  has  generally  a  neat,  regular,  open,  conical  head,  with 
its  foliage  on  long  petioles,  giving  it  an  airy  and  unique 
appearance  that  harmonizes  well  with  buildings,  but  does  not 
so  well  with  masses  or  groups  of  other  trees.  It  is  perfectly 
hardy,  and  should  be  planted  in  every  ground  where  a  place 


FIG.  7. — HORSE  CHESTNUT. 

can  be  arranged  for  it  near  to  view,  so  that  its  character  can  be 
readily  seen. 

HORSE  CHESTNUT — JEsculus. — For  bordering  the  lines  of 
straight  avenues,  and  for  public  squares  or  town  plots,  where 
regularity  and  symmetry  are  desired  rather  than  grandeur ;  for 
single  lawn  trees,  and  for  limited  use  in  grouping  with  the 
Scotch  and  Austrian  pines,  the  horse  chestnut  is  one  of  our 
best  and  most  ornamental  trees.  "While  young  it  is  a  slow 


22  LAWN  AND  SHADE  TKEES. 

grower,  but  when  the  trees  get  a  height  of  eight  or  ten  feet, 
and  are  planted  in  a  rich,  deep,  loamy  soil  which  is  best  suited 
tg  them,  they  grow  rapidly,  and  soon  form  large,  regular,  round 
symmetrical  heads,  clothed  with  a  broad,  clean  foliage,  and 
decorated  in  spring  with  masses  and  clusters  of  white  or  red 
blossoms  according  to  the  variety.  By  grafting  the  red- 
blossoming  variety  (rubicunda)  and  the  yellow  (glabra)  into 
the  principal  portions  of  the  top  and  .center  limbs  of  the 
white  (hippocastanum),  a  very  beautiful  and  novel  effect  is  pro- 
duced, that  when  the  tree  stands  alone  on  the  lawn  adds  much 
to  its  beauty. 

There  is  now  grown  a  variety  of  the  hippocastanum  with 
double  flowers  that  are  very  beautiful,  like  little  roses.  When 
in  full  foliage  and  bloom  the  horse  chestnut  is  one  of  the  most 
beautiful  among  ornamental  trees ;  but  it  has  one  habit,  that  of 
casting  its  foliage  early  in  the  fall,  which  we  consider  very 
objectionable  to  its  use  near  the  house,  as  our  summer  season  is 
lessened  in  appearance  nearly  or  quite  a  month  thereby. 

HICKORY —  Gary  a. — The  difficulty  of  transplanting  the  hickory 
or  white  walnut  tree  has  kept  it  from  use  in  ornamental  planting. 
The  trees  are  lofty  and  elegant  when  grown  singly,  and  there 
is  a  lively  tint  or  character  in  their  foliage  which  renders  them 
very  pleasingly  effective  when  found  in  groups  or  masses.  They 
are  readily  grown  from  the  nut,  and  he  who  is  just  commencing 
the  planting  of  a  new  place  should  in  this  way  introduce  them 
into  his  grounds. 

LINDEN — Tilia. — Under  the  name  of  basswood  our  American 
linden  or  lime  tree  is  well  known.  Some  years  since  that  as 
well  as  the  European  variety  were  so  much  preyed  upon  by 
insects  that  their  use  in  planting  was  almost  abandoned.  Of 
late  years,  however,  there  is  less  injury  from  insects,  and  the 
planting  of  lindens  has  again  come  into  practice. 

Of  rapid  growth,  easily  transplanted,  full  and  flowing  in  its 


DECIDUOUS   TREES. 


23 


outline  or  form,  its  foliage  broad  and  of  a  rich  green,  few  of  our 
native  or  exotic  trees  have  more  to  recommend  them  than  the 
linden.  It  prefers,  and  grows  more  vigorously  in,  a  light  and 
rich  deep  soil,  but  also  grows  well  in  even  a  poor  sand  or  on  a 


FIG.  8. — LINDEX. 


clay,  provided  it  is  not  wet.  Its  regular,  uniform,  but  flowing 
form  adapts  it  well  to  planting  in  grounds  of  the  graceful  school 
r.i  composition,  and  also  to  avenues,  streets,  and  public  parks. 
In  spring,  its  pale  yellow  clusters  of  flowers  are  quite  ornamental ; 


24  LAWN   AND    SHADE   TREES. 

and  in  autumn,  its  yellowish  or  yellowish  brown  foliage  contrasts 
finely  with  many  of  the  maples. 

There  are  a  number  of  varieties,  the  best  of  which  we  think  is 
alba  or  the  white-leaved  linden,  which  has  very  broad  foliage, 
deep  green  on  the  upper  side  and  nearly  white  underneath,  so 
that  every  breeze  that  rustles  among  it  gives  to  it  an  airy  and 
beautiful  appearance.  The  European  linden  has  smaller  leaves 
than  our  American,  and  is  perhaps  more  regular  in  its  form ; 
and  there  are  also  varieties  of  it,  one  with  the  young  shoots 
quite  red  and  one  with  them  yellow,  that  are  extremely  orna- 
mental in  winter — the  red  especially — when  grouped  with  ever- 
greens, forming  conspicuous  lines.  There  are  also  fancy  varieties, 
such  as  the  fern-leaved,  grape-leaved,  etc.,  that  are  curious  and 
pretty,  and  desirable  for  those  who  have  plenty  of  room  to  dis- 
play them. 

LOCUST — JRobmia. — We  do  not  regard  the  locust  as  of  much 
value  for  planting  on  roadsides,  in  parks,  or  private  grounds. 
Its  advocates  have  urged  its  rapid  growth,  but  we  have  now  so 
many  trees  of  equally  rapid  growth,  and  so  much  better  as  a 
whole  in  themselves,  that  such  recommendation  can  not  avail. 
There  are,  however,  positions  in  picturesque  grouping  where  the 
locust  with  its  long  clusters  of  blossoms  and  airy  lightness  of 
foliage  comes  in  admirably.  For  grounds  of  large  extent,  where 
variety  as  well  as  beauty  serves  to  make  up  the  scene,  there  are  a 
number,  such  as  the  spreading  (horizontalis),  the  crisp-leaved 
(crispd),  the  rose-flowered  (viscosa),  etc.,  that  are  interesting  and 
deserving  of  room  and  care. 

Under  the  common  name  of  locust  or  honey  locust  is  another, 
the  THREE-TIIORNED  ACACIA  (gleditschia  triacanfhos},  which 
should  not  be  so  lightly  passed  over.  This  is  a  tree  that  docs 
not  sucker ;  its  branches  are  strong,  rarely  if  ever  breaking  under 
the  strongest  gales  of  wind ;  assumes  to  itself  the  privilege  of 
growing  in  many  shapes,  from  that  of  a  tall,  branching,  and 


DECIDUOUS   TREES.  25 

lofty  character,  to  one  of  almost  horizontal  form.  In  foliage  it 
is  light  and  open,  feathery,  and  together  with  its  wood  studded 
with  long  pointed  thorns,  and  seed  pods  of  five  or  six  inches  in 
length,  which  hang  on  all  winter,  create  for  it  a  tree  very 
desirable  in  the  composition  of  groups,  and  also  for  roadsides 
or  streets  where  only  a  partial,  not  deep,  shade  is  desirable. 


FIG.  9.— LARCH, 

LARCH — Larix. — The  European  larch  (larlv  Europea)  is  a  tree 
almost  indispensable  in  ornamental  planting  of  grounds.  Seem- 
ingly indifferent  as  to  the  nature  of  the  soil,  it  grows  with  sur- 
prising rapidity  in  thin,  poor,  light  sands,  in  wet,  boggy  loams, 
high  rocky  knolls,  or  in  rich  garden  loam.  Downing  says,  "  It 

ft 


26  LAWN   AND    SHADE   TREES. 

can  never  be  called  a  beautiful  tree,  so  far  as  beauty  consists  in 
smooth  outlines ;'?  but  in  so  saying  we  think  he  was  in  error,  for 
some  of  the  most  perfect  outlines  we  ever  saw  in  tree,  regular 
symmetrical  cones  from. the  ground  upward,  are  to  be  found  in 
trees  of  the  European  larch  where  grown  alone  and  in  a  light 
dry  soil.  With  Downing,  however,  we  agree  that  it  should  be 
sparingly  planted  in  grounds  where  the  graceful  rather  than  the 
picturesque  style  is  designed  to  be  created;  but  in  the  formation 
of  groups  combined  with  the  hemlock  or  the  Norway  spruce ;  in 
planting  a  rocky  knolly  or  bordering  some  stream  where  its 
drooping  spray  and  swaying  branches  harmonize  with  the  bircli 
or  willow,  and  at  the  same  time  increase  character  and  expression 
by  its  spiry  top,  it  is  a  tree  of  the  highest  value. 

For  street  shades,  or  any  position  where  its  lower  branches 
have  to  be  pruned  away,  it  is  entirely  unsuited.  Our  American 
larch,  frequently  called  tamarack,  is  of  slow  growth  when 
planted  in  dry  soil,  as  compared  with  the  European,  but  in  lowT 
wet  situations  it  grows  rapidly,  and  for  picturesque  effect  is 
even  better,  because  of  its  more  irregular  habit. 

The  cones  of  the  European  variety  are  much  larger  than  those 
of  the  AmericanT  and  when  the  tree  is  planted  so  that  it  can  be 
plainly  seen,  it  is  very  beautiful,  with  its  bright  pink  flowers 
early  in  spring. 

MAPLE — Acer. — All  the  maples  are  good  as  shade  trees  for 
lawn  or  roadside,  but  among  them  the  rubrum,  red  flowering,  or 
as  generally  termed  scarlet  mapler  is  most  to  be  prized.  Its  red 
flowers  and  leaves  in  early  spring  or  beginning  of  summer;  its 
brilliant  shades  of  red  foliage  in  autumn,  taken  in  connection  with 
its  rapid  growth  and  upright  half  spreading  form,  render  it  one 
of  the  most  ornamental  of  hardy  trees.  Although  a  native,  and 
abundant  in  many  parts  of  our  Northern  and  Middle  States,  one 
or  more  trees  of  it  should  be  found  in  all  grounds  of  half  an 
acre  or  more  in  size.  It  may  not  be  quite  as  rapid  in  growth  as 


DECIDUOUS    TKEES.  27 

the  silver-leaved  (dasycarpum),  but  it  is  more  upright,  and  its 
branches  less  liable  to  be  broken  by  heavy  winds,  and  therefore 
more  valuable  as  a  street  or  park  tree.  The  silver-leaved  is, 
however,  a  very  valuable  variety,  and  where  partially  sheltered, 
or  where  it  can  have  an  opportunity  to  develop  itself,  it  is  one 
of  the  most  graceful  as  well  as  lofty  of  the  species.  As  the  trees 


FIG.  10.— SCARLET  MAPLE. 

are  all  grown  from  seeds,  there  is  great  variety  of  habit  among 
them,  some  having  almost  as  much  of  a  drooping  habit  as  the 
willow,  others  of  a  spreading  open  habit,  similar  to  the  American 
white  elm.  For  light  sandy  soils  the  silver-leaved  is  perhaps 
the  best,  as  even  old  trees  growing  in  such  soils  seem  to  retain 
the  vigor  of  youth,  while  the  sugar  maple,  Norway,  and  some 


28  LAWN   AND   SHADE   TEEES. 

others  make  little  progress  after  a  few  years,  except  in  deep  and 
strong  soils. 

The  sugar  maple  (saccharinum)  makes  one  of  the  most  com- 
pact and  regular  of  round-headed  trees,  forming  a  dense  shade 
very  agreeable  to  recline  under  in  a  hot  summer's  day.  It  is, 
however,  a  slow  grower  compared  with  the  scarlet  or  silver- 
leaved,  and  should  be  planted  only  in  rich,  deep,  and  well- 
drained  soils. 

The  moosewood  or  striped-barked  maple  is  a  small-growing 
variety,  extremely  pretty  from  its  stripes  of  white  and  black 
upon  the  young  green  wood.  It  is  adapted  to  the  outside  of 
groups,  or  to  positions  where  a  tree  of  only  medium  size  is 
desired. 

The  large-leaved  maple  (macrophyllum)  is  as  yet  scarce, 
although  introduced  many  years.  It  is  of  rapid  growth,  of  a 
spreading,  upright  habit,  and  of  great  beauty  from  its  immense 
size  of  foliage. 

As  a  street  shade,  or  for  public  parks,  and  especially  as  a  tree 
to  plant  near  the  house  where  shade  combined  with  stateliness 
and  character  are  desired,  the  sycamore  maple  (pseudo  platanus) 
has  claims  worthy  of  special  notice.  It  is  rapid  in  growth,  with 
foliage  broad  and  of  a  rich  green,  intermediate  in  appearance 
between  the  buttonwood  or  sycamore  and  the  sugar  maple. 
In  autumn,  when  dying  off,  it  becomes  a  rich  golden  yellow. 

The  Norway  maple  (platanoides)  is  another  variety  desirable. 
More  upright,  not  as  spreading  as  pseudo  platanus,  but  with 
large,  broad  leaves,  not  of  as  rapid  growth,  nor  forming  so  large 
a  tree. 

The  variety  commonly  known  as  English  maple  (campestris) 
is  of  slow  growth,  forming  a  very  stocky  round-headed  tree 
fifteen  to  twenty  feet  high,  admirably  suited  for  planting  on 
some  little  rounded  knoll  or  as  the  center  of  a  group  of  low- 
growing  shrubs. 


DECIDUOUS    TREES-  29 

There  are  also  numerous  fancy  varieties,  such  as  the  tricolor, 
variegated-leaved,  purple-leaved,  cut- leaved,  etc.,  etc.,  all  of 
which  are  curious,  and  desirable  in  grounds  of  large  extent ;  but 
in  places  where  a  limited  number  only  can  have  place,  the 
purple-leaved  is  the  one  particularly  desirable.  Its  leaves  are 
purplish  underneath  and  pale  green  above  when  fully  expanded ; 
and  at  midsummer  and  thereafter  until  the  fall  of  the  leaf,  every 
breeze  that  ruffles  and  disturbs  them  produces  a  singular  and 
pleasing  effect  in  contrast  with  the  foliage  of  other  varieties. 

The  ash-leaved  maple  or  box  elder  (negundo  fraxinifolium) 
is  a  very  rapid-growing  variety,  of  great  beauty  from  its  peculiar 
formed  leaves  and  its  pale  green  smooth  young  wood.  It  makes 
a  large  tree  when  grown  in  a  deep,  rich,  moist  soil ;  but  in  a  light 
sandy  loam  or  good  garden  soil,  it  forms  a  tree  of  medium  size, 
that  from  its  color  of  young  wood  in  winter  is  exceedingly 
attractive  and  pleasing.  It  groups  admirably  with  pines. 

As  a  family,  the  maples  have  in  themselves  perhaps  more  of 
the  elements  for  ornamental  uses  than  any  other;  for  when 
planted  singly  they  are  nearly  all  beautiful,  some  of  them  par- 
ticularly so ;  and  such  is  their  diversity  of  foliage  in  spring  and 
autumn,  that  a  group  of  maples  alone  combines  some  of  the 
most  pleasing  contrasts  obtained  in  landscape  adornment. 

MAGNOLIA. — To  this  family,  many  varieties  of  which  are  the 
pride  of  our  Southern  States,  too  little  attention  is  given  by  the 
majority  of  tree  planters;  whether  it  is  that  good  plants  are 
difficult  to  be  obtained,  or  whether  it  is  because  the  trees  are 
rather  sensitive  and  unwilling  to  be  carelessly  and  negligently 
handled  when  transplanting,  we  find  few  planters  make  room 
for  them  on  their  lists  or  in  their  grounds ;  but  how  any  land- 
scapist  can  form  an  extensive  group  of  evergreens  and  deciduous 
trees  without  using  magnolias,  is  beyond  our  comprehension. 
In  our  experience,  we  have  found  no  difficulty  when  transplant- 
ing, provided  we  kept  the  roots  from  cold  drying  winds  or  clear 


30  LAWN   AND    SHADE   TREES. 

burning  suns ;  exposure  to  either  of  -which,  by  reason  of  their 
soft,  spongy  texture,  is  injurious,  and  often  destructive  of  life. 
Of  the  varieties  all  are  beautiful,  but  some  are  not  perfectly 
hardy  when  grown  in  our  Northern  States.  A  sandy  loamy  soil 
suits  them  best ;  but  if  it  is  strictly  dry,  the  trees  of  some  varieties, 
as  macrophylla,  etc.,  are  liable  to  die  out  in  from  five  to  ten 
years.  We  prefer  to  make  our  soil,  when  not  naturally  suited, 
by  digging  a  place  three  to  four  feet  deep  and  eight  to  ten  feet 


FIG.  11.— MAGNOLIA  ACTTMINATA. 

diameter,  and  fill  it  with  light,  rich,  fresh  top  soil  drawn  from 
the  woods. 

The  magnolia  acuminata,  or  cucumber-tree  as  it  is  frequently 
called,  is  very  upright  and  regular,  almost  cone-like  in  its  form, 
and  for  backgrounds  or  the  center  of  groups  one  of  the  most 
desirable  of  all  deciduous  trees.  It  is  also  one  of  the  very  best 
trees  for  parks  or  public  grounds,  as  it  is  almost  if  not  entirely 
free  from  insects,  and  grows  very  rapidly  while  young.  For 


DECIDUOUS   TKEES.  31 

street  trees,  wlierc  there  is  liability  of  injury  to  its  bark  or  body, 
we  do  not  advise  it. 

The  macrophylla  or  large-leaved  magnolia  grows  so  rapidly 
while  young,  that  in  our  Northern  States  it  is  comparatively 
tender,  and  requires  to  be  protected  for  eight  or  ten  years,  or 
until  it  seems  to  have  arrived  at  comparative  maturity,  after 
which  we  have  found  it  perfectly  hardy.  In  our  Southern 
States,  or  all  south  of  Washington,  it  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful 
of  the  many  beautiful  trees  of  that  semi-tropical  region. 

The  magnolia  cordata  is  another  Southern  variety,  but  per- 


FIG.  12.— MAGNOLIA  GLAUCA. 

fectly  hardy  in  most  sections  of  the  Northern  States.  It  makes 
a  tree  of  medium  size,  and  is  not  desirable  except  for  large 
grounds  or  collections.  The  auriculata  is  a  variety  very  similar 
to  the  acuminata  in  general  appearance,  not  quite  as  vigorous,  and 
does  not  make  as  large  a  tree,  and  for  parks  or  pleasure-grounds, 
where  beauty,  not  a  botanical  specimen,  is  the  point  sought  for, 
it  is  not  equal  in  value  to  the  acuminata. 

The  glauca  or  swamp  magnolia  is  almost  a  sub-evergreen, 
often  retaining  its  foliage  until  January,  even  in  our  Northern 
States. 


6V  LAWN    AND    SHADE   TREES. 

Unless  grafted  or  budded  on  the  acuminata,  it  is  only  a  dwarf, 
growing  from  six  to  twenty  feet  high — more  like  a  bush  than  a 
tree.  In  moist,  cool  situations  it  often  flowers  all  the  season, 
June  to  September;  but  in  open,  exposed,  sunny  locations  it 
flowers  but  once,  in  spring.  The  fragrance  of  its  flowers, 
together  with  the  rich,  glossy,  pale-green  foliage  and  young 
shoots,  form  for  it  a  shrub  tree  that  Avere  it  to  be  now  newly 
introduced,  would  cause  an  excitement  rarely  known  in  the 
arboricultural  world.  There  are  a  number  of  sub-varieties,  as 


FIG.  13.— MAGNOLIA  CONSPICUA. 

longifolia,  Gordoniana,  Tliompsoniana,  etc.,  better,  because  larger 
in  foliage,  and  perhaps  a  little  stronger  in  growth;  but  their 
hardihood  in  all  situations  remains  yet  to  be  tested. 

Magnolia  tripetela,  called  the  umbrella  tree,  when  grown 
north  of  Philadelphia,  seldom  acquires  much  size;  and  although 
perfectly  hardy  where  it  has  a  season  warm  enough  to  ripen  its 
wood,  yet  the  main  stem  often  dies  wrhen  it  has  acquired  a 
height  of  twelve  to  fifteen  feet  and  a  size  of  four  to  six  inches 
diameter ;  the  crown  and  root,  however,  do  not  die,  but  the  root 


DECIDUOUS    TKEES.  33 

sends  up  several  sprouts,  making  the  plant  rather  a  bush  than  a 
tree.  Its  flowers  are  very  fragrant,  and  as  a  tree  to  group  with 
mountain  ash  on  the  outskirts  of  pines,  it  is  one  of  the  most 
effective.  Of  the  Chinese  varieties,  the  magnolia  conspicua  and 
soulangeana  are  the  most  generally  known  ;  both  are  good ;  but 
if  we  were  to  select  one,  it  would  be  the  soulangeana,  because  it  is 
a  more  rapid  grower,  and  its  flowers  appear  to  escape  injury  from 
late  spring  frosts  better  than  the  conspicua.  Both  are  perfectly 
hardy,  form  spreading,  round-headed  trees  of  middle  size,  and 
should  always  be  placed  where  they  will  form  the  foreground 
of  a  group  of  evergreens,  on  account  of  their  flowers  being  pro- 
duced early  in  spring  or  before  the  growth  of  their  leaves. 
There  is  a  variety  described  as  Norlertiana,  with  habit  and 
growth  of  the  conspicua,  but  having  flowers  of  a  dark  purplish 
color  and  very  fragrant.  And  another  is  described  as  Lenne, 
with  flowers  like  the  soulangeana,  but  of  more  than  twice  their 
size. 

Magnolia  purpurea  and  gracilis  are  both  shrubs,  and  will  be 
noticed  in  their  place,  we  here  remarking  that  their  planting 
and  arrangement  as  undergrowths  or  foregrounds  to  the  con- 
spicua and  soulangeana  are  productive  of  a  happy  effect. 

MULBERRY — Morus.  —  Although  not  a  tree  of  the  highest 
beauty,  yet  the  native  mulberry  is  not  inelegant ;  and  wherever 
it  can  be  grown  successfully,  the  great  value  of  its  fruit  adds 
much  to  recommend  its  adoption  in  forming  groups  of  deciduous 
trees,  as  it  harmonizes  well  with  the  linden,  catalpa,  and  some 
others  of  round  heads  and  broad  foliage.  In  some  sections, 
however,  of  our  Northern  States,  the  trees  are  tender;  and 
although  not  often  killed  entirely,  they  are  frequently  injured 
so  much  in  the  branches  as  to  greatly  impair  their  regularity 
and  beauty.  The  variety  now  well  known  as  "  Downjng's  Ever- 
bearing," raised  from  seed  some  years  ago  by  Charles  Downing, 
JSTewburg,  N.  Y.,  is  as  hardy  as  any;  and  as  its  fruit  is  large  and 

2* 


34: 


LAWN   AND    SHADE   TREES. 


fine,  with  the  addition  of  blossoming  and  ripening  a  long  time 
in  succession,  it  is  the  best  to  plant.  A  rich,  deep,  loamy,  well- 
drained  soil  is  best  suited  to  the  tree;  and  when  possible,  a 
position  sheltered  from  severe  winds  as  well  as  strong  suns  in 
winter,  aids  materially  in  its  hardihood  and  productiveness.  In 
our  Northern  States  it  can  not  be  advised  for  street  or  park 
planting,  but  in  the  Southern  and  Middle  States  both  the  morus 
and  Broussonetia  are  valuable  trees  for  such  uses. 


FIG.  14.— MOUNTAIN  ASH. 

MOUNTAIN  ASH  —  Pyrus.  —  Among  professional  as  well  an 
amateur  planters,  the  European  mountain  ash  is  a  deserved  and 
general  favorite.  Its  white  flowers  in  the  month  of  May,  pro- 
fusely spread  out  over  its  surface  in  thick,  flat  clusters,  followed 
by  bunches  of  round  scarlet  berries  in  autumn,  and  which  if  not 
destroyed  or  eaten  by  birds  often  hang  on  a  great  part  of  winter, 


DECIDUOUS    TREES.  35 

make  the  tree  highly  ornamental  when  planted  by  itself,  and. 
still  more  so  when  it  is  the  foreground  of  a  cluster  of  spruces  or 
pines.  It  does  not  grow  of  sufficient  size  for  a  street  or  park 
shade  tree,  but  for  small  grounds  and  for  narrow  roads  and 
paths  in  cemeteries  it  is  admirably  adapted.  It  may  be,  and 
usually  is,  grown  with  a  single  stem,  with  its  branches  thrown 
out  at  three  or  four  feet  from  the  ground ;  but  on  lawns  or  grass 
plots,  and  as  connected  with  evergreens,  it  is  much  handsomer 
if  permitted  to  throw  out  a  number  of  stems  directly  from  the 
crown,  as  represented  in  our  engraving. 

The  American  variety  (pyrus  Americana)  does  not  make  quite 
as  large  a  tree  as  the  European,  but  is  more  abundant  in  the 
numbers  of  its  flowers  and  fruits ;  the  latter,  however,  are  not 
quite  as  brilliant  in  color. 

The  sorb  or  service  tree  (pyrus  sorbus)  and  the  white  beam 
tree  (pyrus  aria}  are  two  additional  varieties  of  occasional  use ; 
the  former  because  of  the  tree  attaining  a  larger  size,  and  there- 
fore betjter  suited  to  some  positions,  and  also  to  the  fact  that  its 
fruit,  when  frosted  and  in  a  state  of  partial  decay,  is  by  some 
regarded  as  pleasantly  palatable. 

The  white  beam  grows  very  compact,  and  its  leaves  being  deep 
green  on  the  upper  side  and  nearly  white  underneath,  when 
ruffled  by  the  wind  present  at  times  a  pleasing  contrast  with 
the  clear  green  of  evergreens  and  other  trees  with  which  it  may 
be  grouped. 

A  variety  of  mountain  ash  (quercifolia)  introduced  within  a 
few  years  past,  with  foliage  resembling  the  oak,  claims,  however, 
a  first  place  when  only  oi\e  tree  is  to  be  planted.  Its  growth  is 
as  rapid  as  any  variety,  form  very  regular  and  symmetrical,  with 
foliage  lobed  like  the  oak,  and  bearing  flowers  and  fruit  quite 
as  freely  as  any  of  the  varieties. 

There  are  also  a  number  of  other  sorts,  as  the  elder-leaved, 
pear-leaved,  golden-striped,  etc.,  that  are  each  curious  and  beau- 


36  LAWN   AND    SHADE   TKEES. 

tiful  in  themselves,  and  especially  valuable  in  all  places  of  large 
extent. 

The  mountain  ash  will  grow  freely  in  any  soil,  but  it  will  not 
bear  much  cutting  away  of  limbs  or  branches. 

OAK — Quercus. — The  oak  is  the  tree  of  song  and  tradition; 
the  poet,  painter,  historiographer,  and  tourist  all  lend  their  aid 
to  depict  its  beauty  in  association,  in  light  and  shade  of  land- 
scape, together  with  its  great  value  as  a  timber  and  food  tree ; 
and  were  we  writing  an  essay  upon  the  beauty  of  light  and 
shade  in  scenery,  stateliness  and  grandeur  of  tree,  etc.,  it  should 
receive  from  us  unqualified  praise.  But  as  it  is,  we  are  only  out- 
lining brief  descriptions  of  popular  trees  for  planting  on  street 
sides,  and  in  public  and  private  parks  of  the  United  States,  and 
the  truth  compels  us  to  write,  that  however  much  grand  old 
oaks  may  be  admired,  their  use,  for  ornamenting  lawns,  or  for 
producing  cooling  shades  on  roadsides  or  grandeur  in  parks,  as 
yet  has  been  very  limited,  and  they  can  not  claim  to  be  classed 
as  popular  in  comparison  with  the  elm  and  maple. 

The  difficulty  of  transplanting  the  oak  after  it  has  acquired  a 
suitable  size  for  position  on  the  roadside,  etc.,  has  undoubtedly 
prevented  its  adoption  in  many  places  where  the  taste  of  the 
planter  would  have  otherwise  chosen  it ;  and  this  very  difficulty 
has  contributed  to  keep  it  out  of  most  dealers'  catalogues. 
Those  who  desire  to  plant  it,  we  advise  to  select  the  early 
autumn,  just  as  soon  as  the  foliage  is  ripe,  even  before  it  falls, 
as  the  best  time  for  its  removal.  It  has  deep  and  strong  tap- 
roots, and  they  must,  as  far  as  possible,  be  obtained  in  its 
removal ;  and  when  transplanted,  the  ground  should  be  at  once 
thoroughly  saturated  with  water. 

With  all  its  stateliness  and  grandeur;  its  boldness  and  freedom 
of  outline;  its  great  variety  and  irreverence  to  the  rules  of 
symmetry  and  regularity,  making  plantations  of  it  when  of  age 
so  expressive  and  commanding,  we  have  an  impression  that  for 


DECIDUOUS    TKEES.  37 

our  American  wants,  our  American  people  have  appreciated  it 
correctly,  for  with  all  its  grandeur  and  beauty,  many  of  the 
varieties  have  the  habit  of  retaining  their  dead  brown  leaves, 
hanging  in  dirty  masses  all  winter,  marring  rather  than  adorning 
the  landscape. 

Downing  says  of  it,  that  "  to  arrive  at  its  highest  perfection, 
ample  space  on  every  side  must  be  allowed,"  and  where  such 
position  can  be  given  it  in  public  or  private  grounds,  we  should 
plant  it ;  but  in  small  suburban  and  village  home  grounds  there 
are  no  such  places,  and  their  owners  must  be  content  with  trees 
of  a  less  historical  or  poetical  interest. 

Of  the  varieties  most  ornamental,  we  enumerate  the  rock 
chestnut  oak — Quefcus  prinus  monticola;  chestnut  white  oak — 
Q.prinus  paliistris  ;  yellow  oak — Q.  prinus  acuminata;  pin  oak 
—  Q.palustris;  willow  oak — Q.  phellos  ;  overcup  white  oak — Q. 
macrocarpa;  scarlet  oak — Q.  coccinea  ;  and  English  oak,  Q.robur. 

The  live  oak — Q.  mrens  of  the  South — is  beautiful,  and  there 
can  be  grown  as  a  park  tree ;  but  it  will  not  endure  the  climate 
of  the  Northern  States.  A  very  interesting  and  curious  tree  is 
the  cork  oak — Q.  suber.  Its  branches  are  covered  with  a  cork- 
like  excrescence  that  gives  to  the  tree  a  very  unique  and  singular 
appearance. 

Where  the  proprietor  of  a  place  has  a  desire  for  oaks,  our 
advice  is  for  him  to  prepare  the  ground  in  the  several  places 
where  the  trees  are  to  stand,  and  then  plant  the  acorns,  staking 
around  the  same  to  prevent  injury  to  the  young  plant.  If  the 
soil  is  made  deep  and  rich,  the  plants  will  grow  very  rapidly, 
sometimes  making  four  to  five  feet  in  a  single  season. 

OSAGE  ORANGE — Madura. — The  osage  orange  is  generally 
grown  for  the  purpose  of  forming  hedges,  but  when  grown 
singly  it  makes  a  tree  of  medium  size,  with  a  regular  round 
head,  covered  with  clean  glossy  foliage  and  rich  golden  fruit, 
in  appearance  resembling  the  orange  of  commerce. 


38  LAWN    AXD    SHADE    TREES. 

It  is  admirably  suited  as  a  lawn  tree  for  small  plots,  and  for 
grouping  with  other  round-headed  deciduous  trees  of  larger 
growth.  In  this  latter  position  it  should  always  be  on  the  out- 
side of  the  group.  It  grows  very  rapidly  while  young,  but  after 
attaining  a  height  of  fifteen  to  twenty  feet  its  growth  is  more 
moderate.  It  is  a  tree  well  suited  for  planting  on  the  narrow 
avenues  of  cemeteries,  and  for  bold,  rugged  fronts  of  rocky 
banks ;  but  is  of  too  small  size  for  roadsides  or  park  avenues. 

Upon  lawns  of  large  extent,  an  elegant  monster  shrub  tree 


FIG.  15.— OSAGE  OKANGE. 

can  be  created  from  the  osage  orange  by  annually  heading  it 
back  near  to  the  ground  until  it  is  induced  to  send  up  a  dozen 
leading  stems  instead  of  one ;  these  again,  as  they  grow,  want 
heading  back  more  or  less  from  year  to  year,  until  the  plant 
becomes  a  gigantic  bush  rather  than  a  tree. 

The  tree  is  easily  and,  generally,  very  successfully  transplanted ; 
and  although  it  grows  most  vigorously  in  a  deep,  rich,  light 
loam,  yet  it  will  grow  freely  in  any  soil  not  wet. 

POPLAR — Populus. — Many  of  the  poplars  are  valuable  trees  in 


DECIDUOUS    TREES.  39 

the  decoration  of  scenery,  but  their  use  must  be  with  moderation, 
because  of  a  sameness  and  formality  belonging  to  many  of 
them  that  makes  their  too  free  use  give  a  monotonous  and 


FIG.  16. — LOMBABDY  POPLAR. 

wearying  character.     They  are  all  of  very  rapid  growth,  easily 
transplanted,  and  some  of  them  form  trees  of  immense  size. 

For  the  purpose  of  giving  variety  and  spirit  to  grounds  where 
the  round-headed  trees  are  most  abundant,  one  or  two  Lombardy 
poplars — -populus  dilatata — may  be  introduced  with  great  effect ; 


4:0  LAWN   AND    SHADE   TREES. 

and  again,  two  or  three  trees  of  it,  planted  directly  in  the  rear 
of  the  dwelling,  furnish  a  relief  and  background,  adding  greatly 
to  the  appearance  as  a  picture.  When  distant  views  are  desired, 
permission  to  plant  one  or  two  Lombardy  poplars  at  or  near  the 
point  will  serve  to  attract  the  eye,  and  in  themselves  add  an  air 
of  animation  to  the  scene.  It  should  never  be  planted  as  a 
foreground  tree,  or  near  water,  or  in  low  grounds ;  and  as  an 
avenue  tree,  its  stiff,  regular  form  creates  monotony  that  becomes 
tiresome. 

The  balsam  poplar — lalsamifera — and  the  balm  of  Gilead 
poplar — candicans — very  much  resemble  each  other  in  their  rapid 
growth  and  spreading  habit;  but  their  foliage  is  entirely  dis- 
tinct, the  former  having  lanceolate  oval  leaves,  while  the  latter 
has  very  large,  broad,  heart-shaped  foliage,  and  is  much  the 
most  desirable.  Both  are  good  for  roadside  trees  or  broad 
avenues,  and  their  use  in  filling  up  low  grounds  or  bordering 
streams  of  water  is  always  satisfactory.  As  a  background  tree, 
covering  and  shading  barns  or  other  farm-buildings,  the  balm 
of  Gilead  is  very  effective. 

The  silver  poplar — dbele — is  a  tree  remarkable  for  its  silvery 
white  underside  of  foliage,  that  at  every  rustle  of  the  wind 
gives  it,  when  seen  from  a  distance,  very  much  the  appearance 
of  a  tree  covered  with  white  blossoms. 

It  was  once  pretty  generally  planted  in  lawns  and  groups,  but 
the  disposition  which  it  has  to  sucker  makes  it  extremely  objec- 
tionable for  such  positions.  As  a  tree  to  make  conspicuous  some 
particular  high  point,  or,  where  possible,  to  form  the  foreground 
of  a  group  of  dark  firs,  it  is  very  desirable,  and  always  effective. 
All  the  poplars  bear  the  smoke  and  dust  of  cities  with  great 
indifference ;  and  where  pavements  will  serve  to  keep  down  the 
suckers,  they  are  desirable,  because  of  their  extremely  rapid 
growth,  exceeding  perhaps  that  of  any  other  tree. 

PEPPERIDGE — Nyssa. — The  sour  gum  or  pepperidge  tree  is 


DECIDUOUS   TREES.  41 

generally,  when  wild,  found  growing  in  moist  or  wet  land,  but 
it  will  thrive  in  any  good  deep  soil.  The  tree  has  no  particular 
claims  to  beauty  in  its  habit  of  growth,  but  from  its  dark  green 
glossy  foliage  in  summer,  and  the  brilliant  fiery  tinge  which  it 
takes  on  when  ripening  its  leaves,  it  is  extremely  valuable  for 
forming  groups  in  the  picturesque  style.  A  single  tree  of  it 
even,  standing  at  some  distance  from  the  house,  and  where 
its  brilliant  autumn  tints  can  be  readily  seen,  often  forms  for 


FIG.  17.— PERSIMMON. 

weeks  a  feature  of  beauty  surpassing  that  of  any  other  on  the 
place. 

PERSIMMON — Diospyros. —  The  persimmon  or  Virginia  date 
plum  makes  an  open,  irregular,  half  round-headed,  rather  erect 
tree  of  pleasing  character  and  of  a  medium  size,  that  fits  it  well 
for  grounds  of  limited  extent.  It  groups  well  with  the  English 
elm,  the  bird  cherry,  and  others ;  and  when  the  value  of  its  fruit 
is  regarded,  deserves  a  place  in  almost  all  grounds.  In  the 
southern  sections  of  Illinois,  Missouri,  etc.,  there  are  varieties  of 
it  that  ripen  their  fruits  long  before  frost ;  but  the  wild  trees  of 


42  LAWN   AND    SHADE   TREES. 

its  northern  limits  generally  produce  a  very  austere  fruit,  quite 
uneatable  until  after  mellowed  by  frost. 

It  is  a  good  tree  for  planting  in  cemeteries,  and  for  rocky 
positions  where  a  light,  airy  character  is  desired  to  be  retained. 
Any  good  soil  will  answer  for  it,  although  it  grows  most 
vigorously  in  rich,  deep,  rather  moist  loams. 

PAULO WNIA  —  Paulownia.  —  There  are  few  localities  in  the 
Northern  States  where  the  paulownia  can  command  much 
attention,  for  while  the  tree  may  remain  uninjured,  the  flower- 
buds  are  almost  invariably  destroyed  by  the  cold.  Southward, 
where  the  catalpa  flourishes,  the  paulownia  is  a  desirable 
acquisition.  In  growth  and  habit  it  much  resembles  the  catalpa, 
but  its  flowers  are  of  a  purple  or  bluish  lilac  color.  For  situa- 
tions and  climates  suited  to  the  catalpa,  the  paulownia  will  be 
found  alike  adapted. 

SASSAFRAS — Laurus. — As  an  open  foreground  tree  for  groups, 
the  glossy  deep  green  foliage  of  the  sassafras,  and  its  irregular 
swaying  branches,  make  it  especially  desirable.  Even  while 
young,  the  peculiar  cracked  and  gray  of  its  bark  give  an  ap- 
pearance of  age,  to  some  extent  adding  antiquity  of  character 
to  a  new  place. 

TULIP  TREE — Liriodendron. — The  tulip  or  whitewood  is  one 
of  the  most  beautiful  and  stately  of  our  native  trees.  It  is  a 
rapid  grower,  erect,  yet  partially  spreading,  forming  a  regular, 
even,  conically  rounded  head,  with  a  large,  broad,  rich,  glossy 
leaf,  and  smooth,  clean  bark.  Like  the  magnolias,  its  roots  are 
soft,  and  do  not  bear  exposure  to  dry  winds  or  sun  when  trans- 
planting, and  the  planter  must  use  care  and  attention  in  their 
removal.  For  avenues  for  public  or  private  parks,  for  single 
trees  upon  lawns,  and  especially  for  shade  near  the  house,  there 
is  no  tree  its  superior.  In  the  month  of  June  its  profusion  of 
large  tulip-like  yellow  flowers  give  it  a  richness  and  beauty  all 
unlike  that  of  any  other  tree,  and  to  our  view  only  equaled  by 


DECIDUOUS    TREES.  43 

some  of  the  magnolias.  It  requires  a  dry  and  deep  rich  soil, 
in  order  to  develop  its  greatest  beauty ;  but  it  will  thrive  in  any 
good  loam  where  there  is  a  perfect  drainage. 

WALNUT — Juglans. — Under  the  name  of  walnut  we  have  the 
European  walnut,  and  the  black  walnut  of  our  native  forests. 

The  European  walnut,  perhaps  most  commonly  known  as 
Madeira  nut,  although  largely  planted  in  France  and  Germany 
for  its  fruit,  has  not  received  much  attention  in  this  country. 
In  our  Northern  States  it  is  not  quite  hardy.  As  an  ornamental 
tree,  in  a  climate  suited  to  it,  it  makes  a  pleasing  variety  because 
of  the  contrast  in  its  foliage  with  that  of  most  other  trees ;  but 
as  it  casts  its  foliage  early  in  the  season,  it  can  not  be  commended 
for  planting  except  in  grounds  of  large  extent  and  variety. 

The  black  walnut — juglans  nigra — makes  a  very  rapid  growth, 
and  becomes  a  very  large  and  spreading  tree.  For  broad  streets 
in  the  country,  or  for  massing  in  grounds  of  great  extent,  it  is 
desirable ;  but  when  there  is  only  a  limited  space  of  say  an  acre 
or  two  to  be  planted,  or  a  narrow  avenue,  it  should  not  be  used. 
As  a  single  tree,  where  it  can  have  space,  the  light  and  shade 
created  by  its  foliage,  and  its  sweeping,  bold  ramifications  of 
outline,  give  to  it  an  expression  of  beauty ;  but  it  must  have 
room. 

WILLOW — Salix. — There  is  a  large  genus  of  willows,  all  of 
narrow  leaves  and  slender  branches  or  spray.  Few  of  them, 
however,  are  calculated  for  general  introduction  for  ornamental 
planting.  The  weeping  varieties  will  be  found  treated  of  under 
their  appropriate  head.  Of  the  others,  the  golden — salix  mtellina, 
with  its  bright  yellow  bark,  is  a  tree  deserving  of  adoption 
wherever  it  can  be  grouped  with  the  birch,  wild  cherry,  or  trees 
of  a  like  character.  It  should  be  used,  however,  very  sparingly, 
one  or  two  being  sufficient  for  grounds  of  even  large  extent. 
Occasionally  a  position  is  found  where  a  single  tree  becomes 
very  beautiful,  from  its  rich  shade  of  spray  in  winter,  and  its 


44  LAWN    AND    SHADE    TREES. 

peculiar  green  foliage  in  summer.  In  ordinary  grounds  it  forms 
only  a  tree  of  moderate  size ;  but  in  rich  strong  soils,  and  near 
water,  it  makes  a  large  spreading  tree.  It  is  not  at  all  suited 
for  planting  in  parks  or  for  bordering  avenues  or  streets,  but 
may  be  sometimes  introduced  in  cemeteries,  and  especially 
because  that  it  will  bear  to  have  its  roots  and  branches  cut  back 
to  any  extent  almost  without  appearing  to  affect  its  health  or 
vigor. 

The  white  willow — salix  alba — has  of  late  years  been  frequently 
used  in  some  portions  of  the  Western  States  for  forming  hedges 
and  screens.  It  is  of  rapid  growth,  and  when  permitted  to  grow 
by  itself,  forms  quite  a  large  tree.  It  also  may  be  sparsely  intro- 
duced where  light  and  airy  groups  are  desired. 


WEEPING    DECIDUOUS   TREES.  45 


CHAPTER    III. 

WEEPING    DECIDUOUS   TREES. 

WITHIN  a  few  years  the  popular  taste  has  been  largely  turned 
to  the  introduction  of  drooping  trees  as  objects  of  graceful 
beauty,  harmonizing  with  the  smoothness  and  verdure  of  a  lawn, 
or  the  high  keeping  and  neatness  of  a  pleasure-garden.  Indeed, 
to  such  an  extent  has  this  taste  prevailed,  that  the  very  object 
aimed  at  in  their  introduction  has  been  often  defeated  by  a  too 
free  use  of  them,  as  well  as  by  their  arrangement  in  masses,  when 
their  side  branches — which  are  their  peculiar  beauty — are  inter- 
mingled or  hidden  entirely,  and  by  their  too  heedless  distribu- 
tion on  all  sides. 

Drooping  trees,  like  water  fountains,  are  dangerous  in  the 
hands  of  those  who  attempt  their  use  in  the  decoration  of 
grounds  without  possessing  a  considerable  knowledge  and  good 
taste  in  the  composition  of  a  landscape.  Gracefulness  and 
elegance  being  the  prominent  characteristics  of  drooping  trees, 
they  are  shown  to  best  advantage  either  singly  or  in  wide  yet 
tasteful  groups,  on  lawns  or  borders,  where  symmetrical  art, 
rather  than  the  natural  picturesque,  is  sought  to  be  embodied  as 
the  leading  feature.  Where  bold  expression  is  desired,  they  are 
entirely  unfitted ;  and  when  planted  mixed  indiscriminately  with 
those  of  upright,  round-headed  forms,  their  individual  character 
is  lost.  Placed  on  the  borders  of  groups,  at  sufficient  distance 
to  enable  them  to  exhibit  their  peculiar  habits  and  develop 
freely  their  forms,  many  of  the  drooping  trees  may  be  used 
effectively,  provided  the  group  of  which  they  form  a  part  is 
composed  of  trees  with  similar  pensile,  although  not  so  distinct, 


46  LAWN    AND    SHADE   TREES. 

habits  of  foliage  or  spray,  as  exhibited  in  the  American  elm, 
black  birch,  or  wild  cherry. 

For  planting  on  the  borders  of  ponds,  or  streams  of  running 
water,  or  as  symbols  of  sympathy  between  the  living  and  the 
dead  in  cemeteries,  they  are  all  valuable;  and  with  judicious 
knowledge  of  their  expansion  in  growth,  to  arrange  them  on 
lots  or  in  positions  suitable  to  their  future  lives,  they  can  not  be 
too  much  used. 


FIQ.  18.— EUROPEAN  WEEPING  ASH. 

The  EUROPEAN  WEEPING  ASH — Fraxinus  excelsior  pendula. — 
This  is  one  of  the  oldest  varieties  of  weeping  trees  known,  and 
more  extensively  planted  than  any.  It  was  discovered  about 
the  middle  of  the  last  century,  growing  in  a  field  in  England. 
The  branches  are  stiff,  and  can  not  be  called  graceful  in  their 
downward  curves;  but  its  clean,  glossy  foliage  and  its  very 
rapid  growth  render  it  one  of  the  most  valuable,  especially  for 
forming  arbors. 


WEEPING    DECIDUOUS   TREES.  4:7 

The  GOLD-BARKED  WEEPING  ASH — Aurea  pendula. — This  is  a 
singular  variety,  because  of  its  bright,  golden-yellow  bark, 
which  gives  it  a  striking  appearance  when  devoid  of  foliage.  In 
growth  and  habit  it  is  similar  to  the  last-named. 

The  LENTISCUS- LEAVED  WEEPING  ASH — Lentiscifolia  pendula. 
—A  tree  of  later  introduction  than  the  two  preceding.  Equally 
rapid  in  its  growth,  but  with  branches  more  slender  and  grace- 
ful. It  is  much  the  most  beautiful  in  appearance,  but  in  some 


FIG.  19.— WEEPING  BEECH. 

locations  is  not  perfectly  hardy,  losing  occasional  branches, 
which  destroy  its  symmetry.  There  are  two  other  varieties  of 
weeping  ash,  viz.,  the  gold-striped  bark  weeping,  with  varie- 
gated foliage,  and  the  weeping  black,  with  very  dark-green 
foliage.  We  have  never  seen  either  of  them  of  any  size,  and 
therefore  can  not  speak  of  their  values. 

The  WEEPING  BEECH — Fagus  pendula. — This  we  consider  the 
king  of  all  the  drooping  trees.  It  is  perfectly  hardy,  grows 
freely  and  rapidly  in  almost  any  soil,  and  forms  one  of  the  most 
graceful  and  picturesque  yet  unique  trees.  Its  branches  are 
thrown  out  irregularly,  while  its  spray  is  long,  descending 


4:8 


LAWN   AND    SHADE   TREES. 


almost  perpendicularly  downward.  For  creating  a  distinct, 
strongly-marked,  and  attractive  feature  for  universal  admiration 
on  the  skirts  of  a  lawn,  it  has  no  superior. 

The  EUROPEAN  WEEPING  BIRCH — Betula  penduU.—A.  tree  of 
rapid,  upright,  spreading  growth,  that  while  young  exhibits 
very  little  of  a  drooping  habit,  and  even  when  old  is  not  marked 


FIG.  20.— CUT-LEAVED  WEEPING  BIBCH. 

as  a  weeper,  like  many  others.  It  is,  however,  very  graceful, 
and  as  it  increases  in  years  presents  more  and  more  of  the  pensile 
features  that,  combined  with  its  delicate  foliage,  make  it  a 
charming  tree  for  grouping  with  others  of  a  like  slender  spray 
and  airy  foliage. 

The  CUT-LEAVED  WEEPING  BTRCH— Betula  lasdniata  pendula. 
—An  elegant,  erect  tree,  similar  to   the  preceding,  but  with 


WEEPING   DECIDUOUS   TKEES.  49 

more  slender  drooping  branches,  and  with  delicately  cut  leaves, 
that  attract  and  please  every  observer. 

The  EVER-FLOWERING  WEEPING  CHERRY — Oerasus  semper 
florem. — This  is  of  comparatively  recent  introduction,  and  forms 
a  charming  tree  of  a  decided  drooping  habit,  and  producing  a 
succession  of  flowers  and  fruit  all  the  season. 

The  DWARF  WEEPING  CHERRY —  Cerasus  pumila. — For  small 
grounds,  points  on  the  outskirts  of  a  group,  or  other  positions 
where  a  limited  space  only  can  be  allowed,  this  is  one  of  the 
prettiest  of  weepers.  Its  branches  are  slender  and  decidedly 


FIG.  21.— DVVAEF  WEEPING  CHERRY, 

drooping,  growing  freely,  and  forming  a  charmingly  graceful 
little  round  head. 

The  SCOTCH  WEEPING  ELM — Vlmus  montana  pendula. — The 
habit  of  this  variety  of  weeping  elm  is  very  irregular,  sometimes 
spreading  its  branches  fan-like,  at  others  drooping  them  almost 
perpendicularly  downward.  It  is  a  tree  of  rapid  growth,  with  . 
an  abundance  of  coarse,  heavy,  dark  foliage,  that  is  suitable  for 
positions  where  it  can  have  abundance  of  room,  and  where  it 
will  be  viewed  at  some  little  distance.  This  is  the  variety 
generally  found  in  the  nurseries ;  but  there  are  two  varieties  of 
more  recent  introduction,  which  we  consider  superior  in  growth, 
as  they  certainly  are  in  symmetry  of  form. 

3 


50  LAWN    AND    SHADE   TKEES. 

One  of  these,  the  SCAMPSTON,  droops  its  branches  very  dis- 
tinctly and  regularly,  giving  the  tree  a  symmetrical  form,  almost 
as  regular  as  if  it  had  been  trained,  trimmed,  and  tied  from  time 
to  time  by  the  hands  of  .a  skillful  gardener.  The  other  variety 
is  called  the  CAMPERDOWN,  and  differs  from  the  Scampston  in  its 
branches,  having  a  less  tendency  to  regular  drooping,  and  its 
foliage  not  being  quite  as  abundant, 

There  are  also  two  varieties,  called  the  rough-leaved  weeping 
and  the  Hertfordshire  weeping,  that  are  not  counted  as  desirable 


FIG.  22.— SCAMPSTON  WEEPING  ELM, 

as  those  previously  named.     There  is  also  one  called  the  small- 
leaved  weeping,  which  is  said  to  be  very  pretty  and  distinct. 

The  WHITE-LEAVED  WEEPING  LINDEN — Tilia  alba  pendula. — 
Although  a  tree  of  slender  drooping  shoots,  it  is  not  a  weeper 
after  the  style  of  the  weeping  willow ;  but,  like  the  birch,  as  it 
increases  in  years,  it  exhibits  a  drooping  habit,  that  combined 
with  the  silvery  character  given  to  its  foliage  when  stirred  by 
the  breeze,  by  their  white  under-surface,  makes  it  one  of  the 
"most  attractive  and  graceful  of  lawn  trees.  It  is  of  rapid 


WEEPING    DECIDUOUS    TREES.  51 

growth,    and   deserves   to   be   planted   in   every   place    of   any 
extent. 

The  WEEPING  MOUNTAIN  ASH — Pyrus  aucuparia  pendula. — 
This  is  a  rapid  growing,  beautiful  variety  of  the  mountain  ash. 
Its  long,  pendulous  branches,  with  their  white  flowers  in  spring, 
and  red  berries  thereafter,  make  it  very  beautiful  and  attractive. 
Those  who  plant  it  should,  however,  remember  that  it  is 
extremely  liable  to  be  attacked  by  the  borer,  and  unless  closely 


FIG.  23.— WHITE-LEAVED  WEEPING  LINDEN. 

watched,  the  tree  will  be  found  destroyed  ere  the   owner  is 
aware. 

The  WEEPING  POPLAR — Populus  tremula  pendula. — One  of 
the  most  rapid  growing  of  all  the  weepers,  and  while  young,  its 
decidedly  pendulous  branches,  neat  and  pretty  foliage,  make  it 
especially  desirable.  As  it  increases  in  years,  however,  it  puts 
on  more  of  an  erect  habit,  until  at  times  its  upper  limbs  present 
very  small  indications  of  a  weeping  habit.  For  large  grounds, 


52  LAWN    AND    SHADE   TREES. 

or  groups  of  weepers,  or  as  a  tree  to  plant  a  little  back  from  the 
margin  of  lakes  or  large  ponds,  it  is  desirable ;  but  for  small 
grounds,  or  for  cemetery  lots,  where  we  have  of  late  occasionally 
seen  it  planted,  it  will  not  prove  as  satisfactory  and  pleasing  as 
many  others. 

The  WEEPING  SOPHORA  —  Sophora  Japonica  pendula.  —  The 
smooth,  dark-green,  and  very  pendulous  branches,  together  with 
its  pinnate  leaves,  give  to  this  tree  a  very  elegant  appearance. 
It  is  a  rapid  grower,  but  does  not  form  a  very  large  or  spreading 
head,  and  is  therefore  an  admirable  tree  for  grounds  or  positions 


FIG.  24.— WEEPING  MOUNTAIN  ASH. 

of  limited  extent.  Although  we  occasionally  find  trees  of  it 
that  have  stood  the  winters  of  years  perfectly  in  our  Northern 
States,  yet  it  is  unfortunately  a  little  liable  to  be  injured  by 
extremes  of  temperature,  and  probably  from  this  cause  has  not 
been  as  extensively  planted  as  its  beauty  would  seem  to  merit. 
Where  it  can  be  grown  perfectly  free  from  winter's  injury,  it 
may  be  counted  as  one  of  a  choice  collection. 

The  WEEPING  WILLOW — Salix  Bdbylonica. — Our  old,  common, 
and  well-known  weeping  willow,  like  too  many  other  trees  that 


WEEPING   DECIDUOUS    TREES. 


53 


are  familiar  to  all,  is  neglected,  yet  it  deserves  the  attention  of 
every  planter  of  weeping  trees.  It  may  be  that  because  we  have 
so  often  watched  the  willow  droop  and  dip  its  branches  in  the 
water  of  some  stream  or  lake,  seeming  as  it  were  to  sympathize 
with  and  kiss  the  sparkling  drops  that  it  disturbed  as  the  gentle 
winds  swayed  its  tresses  of  light  and  elegant  foliage,  we  have 
come  to  love  it,  and  regard  no  water  landscape  as  complete 
without  the  graceful  flowing  lines  of  the  old  Babylonian  willow. 
From  long  usage  it  has  come  to  be  associated  with  either  water 
or  the  sadness  of  life — in  the  one  case  indicative  of  a  marshy 
region  or  stream  of  water,  in  the  other  of  the  last  resting-place 


FIG.  25.— AMERICAN,  OR  FOUNTAIN  WILLOW. 

of  friends  once  on  earth.  Beautiful  as  it  is  in  itself,  however, 
these  very  associations  preclude  its  introduction  into  almost  any 
suburban  or  even  extended  country  place.  By  the  side  of  a 
spring  at  the  foot  of  a  hill,  or  bordering  a  stream  where  crossed 
by  a  bridge,  or  in  large  grounds,  shading  almost  entirely  from 
view  the  under-gardener's  house,  are  some  of  the  places  where  its 
position  produces  a  satisfactory  effect ;  but  if  planted  near  where 
art  and  architecture  have  combined  to  give  a  tone  of  grandeur 
and  magnificence,  its  form  of  outline  and  waving  spray  seem 
rather  to  weaken  than  add  to  the  appearance  of  cultivation  and 
refinement 


LAWN    AND    SHADE    TREES. 

The  AMERICAN,  on  FOUNTAIN  WILLOW—  Salix  Americana 
pendula. — A  variety  with  very  slender,  graceful  branches,  which 
droop  perpendicularly,  like  so  many  cords,  that,  taken  with  its 
light  and  comparatively,  sparse  foliage,  form  for  it  one  of  the 
most  airy  and  pleasing  weepers  in  the  whole  list.  It  is  admir- 
ably adapted  for  planting  upon  small  lots  in  cemeteries. 

The  KILMARNOCK  WILLOW  —  Salix  caprea  pendula.  —  We 
know  of  no  one  weeping  tree  that  in  the  same  length  of 


FIG.  26. —KILMARNOCK  WILLOW. 

time  has  become  so  universally  known  and  so  extensively 
planted.  Its  foliage,  large,  glossy,  and  abundant,  its  pendulous, 
close,  and  regular  habit,  with  its  brown-colored  branches,  that 
are  almost  hidden  within  its  foliage,  render  it  one  of  the  most 
distinctive  as  well  as  graceful  trees  that  have  been  for  many 
years  added  to  our  collections.  It  is  perfectly  hardy,  and 
almost  unlike  anything  else,  seems  to  adapt  itself  to  almost  any 
position,  whether  as  a  point  tree  to  define  a  road,  a  specimen  of 


WEEPING   DECIDUOUS   TREES.  55 

beauty  and  attraction  on  a  small  lawn  or  garden  plot,  or  as  an 
outline  to  some  more  aspiring  tree  of  a  similar  drooping  caste. 

The  WEEPING  ACACIA — Robinia  tortuosa  pendula. — This  is  a 
variety  of  the  locust,  with  long,  drooping,  irregular  branches, 
too  large  in  size  to  form  with  the  light  open  leaf,  which  it  has, 
a  tree  of  much  beauty.  It  is  singular,  and  in  some  rocky 
positions  is  well  suited;  but  it  has  not  sufficient  beauty  for 
planting,  as  we  have  often  seen  done,  near  where  it  has  to  be 
passed  in  daily  walking  to  and  from  the  house. 

The  WEEPING  LARCH — Larix  pendula. — We  have  seen  people 
go  into  almost  ecstasies  over  this  peculiar  weeper ;  but  to  our 
taste,  its  graceful  drooping  spray  is  destroyed  by  its  grotesque 
irregular  habit,  sometimes  branching  off  at  one  point  eight  or 
ten  feet  almost  horizontally,  destroying  all  symmetry,  which  is  a 
part  of  grace.  For  creating  a  picturesque  effect  upon  a  rocky 
side-hill,  or  near  a  water-course  or  pond  springing  out  from  a 
bold  bank,  its  introduction  would  be  desirable;  but  for  placing 
upon  a  smooth,  well-kept  lawn  where  all  is  symmetrically  beau- 
tiful, its  use  creates  a  contrast  too  great  for  harmony. 

The  WEEPING  THORN. — There  are  several  varieties  of  weeping 
thorns — crcntegus — all  of  them  pretty,  and  well  suited  for  plant- 
ing on  small  lawns  or  in  cemeteries.  The  pyracantha  folia 
pendula  and  rosea  pendula  are,  perhaps,  two  of  the  best.  They 
nre  improved,  by  clipping,  and  when  in  flower  are  peculiarly 

;;> resting  and  beautiful.  Their  stems  should  be  carefully 
v.it.jiied,  as,  otherwise,  an  insect  is  liable  to  bore  into  and  de- 
stroy them. 


56  LAWN   AND   SHADE   TREES. 


CHAPTER    IY. 

DECIDUOUS  TREES  WITH   COLORED  OR  TARIEGATED  FOLIAGE. 

THE  use  of  trees  with  variegated  foliage  is  becoming  popular. 
Their  introduction  into  groups  may  occasionally  be  admissible, 
but  as  a  rule  they  should  be  planted  only  where  they  can  stand 
alone  and  develop  themselves  fully. 

In  writing  of  trees  in  previous  pages,  we  have  occasionally 
named  one  or  more  varieties,,  but  for  the  more  ready  use  of  the 
reader  will  here  recapitulate  somewhat  of  what  we  have  written, 
and  add  thereto  remarks  upon  other  sorts.  Of  those  having 
purple  or  purplish-colored  foliage,  the  beech,  elm,  and  maple 
all  are  desirable  and  very  beautiful  for  single  lawn  trees,  where 
they  can  have  room  to  develop  themselves  fully  in  growth,  and 
where  they  can  be  viewed  at  some  little  distance. 

The  purple-leaved  filbert  and  barberry  are  shrubs,  conspicuous 
for  planting  where  trees  can  not  have  room,  and  where  variety 
and  peculiarity  of  foliage  will  assist  in  making  up  the  beauty  of 
the  grounds. 

The  spotted  or  variegated-leaved  trees  are  more  admissible 
in  groups ;  and  when  their  growth  is  free  and  healthy,  serve  to 
add  variety  with  beauty;  but,  as  we  have  before  said,  it  is  better 
to  plant  them  singly  and  as  features  of  special  attraction. 

For  this  purpose  the  golden-leaved  beech,  variegated-leaved 
cherry,  variegated-leaved  horse-chestnut,  silver  striped-leaved 
maple,  and  variegated-leaved  plum  are  among  the  best. 


EVERGREEN    TREES.  57 


CHAPTER    Y. 

EVERGREEN   TREES. 

THE  use  of  evergreens  is  becoming  yearly  more  and  more 
appreciated,  both  as  effective  in  ornamental  planting  and  as  an 
item  of  practical  economy  in  the  matter  of  hedges  and  screens 
for  protection  of  half  hardy  plants,  orchards,  or  buildings  from 
cold  and  harsh  winds  and  storms. 

In  ornamental  planting,  their  use  is  often  very  imperfectly 
understood,  and  many  places  are  rendered  gloomy  and  dark 
from  their  too  free  use  in  the  foreground,  or  immediately  about 
the  house.  There  is  a  great  deal  of  beauty  in  evergreens,  but 
as  a  class  for  effective  scenery  creative  of  varied  beauty,  they 
have  not  the  qualities  that  are  embraced  in  the  changing  char- 
acter from  month  to  month  of  deciduous  trees.  For  perfect 
scenery,  however,  covering  the  entire  year,  it  would  be  impos- 
sible to  dispense  with  evergreens.  If  used  judiciously  in 
arrangement,  sparingly  in  the  foreground,  and  using  those  of 
the  lightest  and  most  vivid  shades  of  green  in  foliage,  grouping 
them  at  the  same  time  with  mountain  ash,  euonymus  or  straw- 
berry tree,  etc.,  with  their  red  clusters  of  fruit  in  winter,  and 
massing  the  back-ground  with  varieties  of  dark  foliage,  great 
effect  may  be  produced,  and  a  pleasant  life-like  character  given 
to  grounds  that  otherwise  in  the  winter  season  would  be  barren 
and  dreary. 

Some  few  years  since,  many  regarded  the  transplanting  of 
evergreens  .as  one  of  the  difficult  items  in  arboriculture,  requir- 
ing the  skill  and  experience  of  a  practical  gardener.  It  was 

also  counted  unsafe  to  move  them  except  at  particular  seasons 

3* 


58  LAWN    AND    SHADE   TREES. 

of  the  year,  or  with  balls  of  earth  attached,  and  a  few  planters 
yet  hold  to  these  early  views;  but  those  of  more  practice  find 
that  it  is  no  more  difficult  to  transplant  an  evergreen  when  taken 
from  the  nursery  than  to  perform  the  same  operation  with  any 
deciduous  tree.  It  is  true  there  are  exceptions  among  evergreens, 
some  proving  more  difficult  than  others,  but  the  instances  or 
kinds  are  not  more  numerous  than  with  deciduous  trees. 

In  transplanting,  it  is  only  requisite  to  remember  that  the  tree 
has  its  leaves  on,  and  that  there  is  consequently  a  constant  de- 
mand upon  the  roots  for  evaporation,  and  therefore  it  will  not 
do  to  permit  them  to  get  dry.  With  small-sized  trees,  a  root 
nearly  corresponding  with  the  top  is  generally  procured  when 
the  trees  have  been  rightly  grown  in  the  nursery,  and  cutting 
in  the  top  is  unnecessary ;  but  in  the  case  of  removal  of  trees 
six  feet  or  more  in  height,  unless  extraordinary  care  is  taken,  a 
great  reduction  of  root  is  the  result,  and  then  it  is  advisable 
always  to  shorten  in  the  length  of  the  branches  corresponding 
with  the  apparent  loss  of  roots  the  tree  has  sustained. 

A  very  great  variety  of  evergreens  have  been  introduced  dur- 
ing the  past  fifteen  or  twenty  years,  but  of  them  few  have  proved 
of  a  hardihood  or  beauty  to  command  notice  as  trees  for  popu- 
lar use ;  and  as  in  these  pages  wre  write  for  the  general  public 
rather  than  for  a  few  amateurs,  we  shall  only  describe  such  as 
may  be  safely  depended  upon  in  all  locations. 

THE  WHITE  PINE.  Pinus  strobus. — The  White  or  Weymouth 
Pine  is  common  in  various  parts  of  the  Union,  and  deserving 
of  a  first  place  in  every  collection.  It  is  of  rapid  growth,  beau- 
tiful in  every  stage,  from  a  small  plant  of  one  foot  high  to  tl-.it 
of  a  stately  tree  towrering  one  hundred  or  more  feet  in  the  ai  ~, 
and  swaying  its  horizontal  tiers  of  branches  and  tufts  of  airy 
light-green  foliage  to  the  breeze.  When  grown  in  strong  soil 
it  acquires  a  thick,  compact  form;  but  in  soils  of  a  gravelly 
or  sandy  nature,  somewhat  dry  and  poor,  its  shoots  and  trunk- 


EVERGREEN    TREES. 


59 


harmonize  in  their  length  and  openness  to  the  airy  light  cast 
of  its  foliage,  and  it  there  becomes  one  of  the  most  beautiful 
of  evergreens  in  its  graceful  tapering  form  and  easy  broken  out- 
line. For  grouping  with  the  larch,  birch,  etc.,  it  is  one  of  the 
most  appropriate  among  evergreens;  and  for  planting  in  close 


FIG.  27.— THS  WHITE  TINE. 


proximity  to  buildings,  or  points  toward  which  it  desired  to 
direct  attention,  it  is  particularly  well  suited.  As  a  hedge  or 
screen  plant  it  bears  the  shears  well,  and  forms  a  wall  second 
only  to  the  hemlock  or  Norway  spruce. 


60  LAWN    AND    SHADE   TKEES. 

THE  BIIOTAN  PINE.  Pinus  excelsa. — This  variety  resembles 
the  white  pine,  except  that  its  foliage  is  longer  and  its  branches 
somewhat  pendulous,  but  in  our  Northern  States  it  can  not  be 
regarded  as  perfectly  hardy.  In  the  southern  Middle  States  it  is 
one  of  the  finest  among  evergreens,  and  should  be  freely  planted. 


Fie.  28. -BHOTAN  PINE. 

THE  YELLOW  PINE.  Pinus  mitis. — This  is  a  very  handsome 
variety  when  well  grown,  but  while  young  its  growth  is  quite 
slow,  and  on  that  account  it  is  rarely  grown  or  planted.  Its 
foliage  is  a  dark  rich  green,  long  and  flexible. 

THE  AUSTRIAN  PINE.  Pinus  Austriaca.—The  Austrian  Pine 
in  rich  deep  soils  forms  one  of  the  most  dense  trees  of  the  whole 
pine  family.  It  is  of  rapid  growth,  with  rich  deep  blue-green 
foliage,  that  for  backgrounds  or  masses  is  admirably  suited. 


EVERGKEEN    TKEES.  61 

As  a  single  tree,  also,  upon  a  lawn,  it  is  always  beautiful ;  and, 
when  the  scenery  will  admit,  groups  of  this  pine  with  the  tulip 
tree,  mountain  ash,  dogwood,  etc.,  are  exceedingly  effective. 
There   is    a    Southern  Pine — Puiu-3  Australia — native  of  our 


FIG.  29.— THE  AUSTRIAN  PINE. 

Southern  States,  that  has  leaves  much  longer  than  the  Austriaca, 
and  of  a  lighter  more  yellow  green.  It,  however,  is  not  hardy 
in  the  middle  Northern  States  unless  shielded,  or  surrounded, 
in  fact,  with  other  evergreens.  South,  where  it  is  hardy,  few 
varieties  surpass  it  in  beauty. 


b:i  LAWN  AND  siiAi;::  VT::ES. 

THE  RUSSIAN  PINE.  Pinus  rigensis. — This  is  a  variety  claimed 
by  some  writers  to  be  so  like  unto  the  Scotch  Pine — P.  syhestris 
— as  not  to  be  worthy  of  rank  as  a  species.  Trees,  IIOWCYCT, 
that  we  have  imported  and  grown  are  so  entirely  different  fro-u 
that  variety,  that  we  must  claim  it  deserving  a  special  ran!;. 
The  tree  is  of  about  as  rapi  1  growth  as  the  Austrian,  with  its 


FIG.  30.— THE    RUSSIAN    PINE. 

limbs  and  branches  more  loose  and  open  or  longer  spaced,  while 
its  foliage  is  more  in  tufts,  much  longer  than  the  Austrian,  and 
of  a  lighter  more  yellowish  green,  very  bright  and  clear.  It  is 
nearer  to  Benthamiana  than  any  other  variety  with  which  we 
have  had  opportunity  to  compare  it.  In  groups  or  masses  with 
the  Scotch,  Corsican,  and  Austrian,  it  forms  yet  another  shade. 


EVERGREEN    TREES. 


63 


and  we  have  found  its  use  a  valuable  addition  in  producing 
effect. 

THE  BANKSIAN  PINE.  Pinus  BanTcsiana. — This  variety  is 
classed  as  a  scrub  pine  of  low  slow  growth  and  little  value, 
and  so  we  regarded  it  twenty-five  years  ago,  when  we  procured 


FIG.  31.— THE  SCOTCH  PINE. 


specimens  of  it  in  the  barren  sands  of  islands  in  Lake  Michigan. 
Those  same  plants,  however,  are  now  some  of  them  trees  forty 
feet  high  and  extremely  beautiful.  It  has  a  swayed  drooping 


64  LAWN    AND    SHADE    TKEES. 

habit  as  it  grows,  but  makes  a  conical  and  very  graceful  tree. 
The  foliage  is  short,  light  yellowish  green,  and  so  unlike  any 
other  variety  that  it  is  extremely  valuable  even  in  grounds  of 
quite  limited  extent.  It  is  perfectly  hardy. 

THE  SCOTCH  PINE.  Pinus  sylvestris. — The  Scotch  Pine  ia 
perhaps  one  of  the  most  rapid  growers  among  pines,  and  is  a!sa 
very  easy  of  management,  transplanting  with  rarely  a  failure, 
and  growing  freely  in  almost  any  soil  or  situation.  While 
young,  it  forms  a  pretty  compact  tree ;  but  as  it  acquires  age, 
the  lower  limbs  sway  toward  the  ground,  giving  it  rather  a 
picturesque  than  beautiful  appearance.  The  low  price  at  which 
trees  of  it  have  been  sold,  together  with  its  easy  and  rapid 
growth,  have  induced  its  planting,  until  we  confess  to  its 
having  become  to  us  wearisome.  It  may  be  sparingly  intro- 
duced in  the  formation  of  groups  or  masses ;  and  for  pict  aresque 
distant  views,  and  for  belts  or  masses  for  breaking  the  torce  of 
storms  and  wind,  it  is  very  desirable ;  but  as  a  single  tree,  or  for 
groups  in  small  grounds,  we  prefer  to  leave  it  out. 

THE  CORSICAN  PINE.  Pinus  larico. — The  Corsican  Pine  is  a 
variety  between  the  Scotch  and  Austrian — with  the  general 
habit  of  growth  of  the  Scotch,  perhaps  not  as  much  sway  to  its 
branches  as  it  grows  old  —  leaves  somewhat  longer  than  the 
Scotch,  but  not  as  long  or  as  dark  a  green  as  the  Austrian,  more 
yellowish.  It  transplants  and  grows  with  the  same  facility  as 
the  Scotch,  and  is  desirable  as  a  variety  and  to  form  groups  or 
masses  with  that  or  other  varieties. 

THE  BENTHAM  PINE.  Pinus  Benthamiana.  —  The  Bentham 
Pine  is  comparatively  of  recent  introduction,  and  where-  spread- 
ing stateliness  of  character  is  wanted,  either  in  a  single  t/ce  or 
group,  that  or  the  Heavy  Wooded  Pine — Pinus  ponder osa  -  -pro- 
mise to  supply  the  object.  It  is  of  rapid  growth,  v/itb  dark 
green  foliage,  long  leaves  in  tufts,  but  instead  of  being  corn- 
pact,  it  is  open,  and  stately  and  majestic  in  form.  We 


EVERGREEN    TREES. 


65 


group  it  with  the  European  sycamore,  the  tulip  or  magnolia 
trees. 

THE  HEAVY  WOODED  PINE.  Pinus  ponderosa. — The  Ponder- 
ous or  Heavy  Wooded  Pine  is  another  variety  like  the  last- 
named,  of  comparatively  recent  introduction.  It  is  also  of  a 
stately  habit,  with  long  leaves  of  a  rich  yellow  green  color. 


FIG.  32.— THE  PONDEROUS  PINE. 

This  as  well  as  Bentham's  Pine  attain  a  very  large  size  when 
fully  grown,  and  are  therefore  adapted  only  to  positions  where 
room  can  be  given  them  in  future  years.  We  do  not  know  how 
well  they  may  bear  pinching  or  rubbing  back  to  reduce  their 
size  and  increase  their  compactness,  but  judging  from  their 
habit,  doubt  the  value  of  such  practice  with  them. 


66 


LAWN    AND    SHADE    TREES. 


THE  CALABRIAN  PINE.  Pinus  ~brutia. — This  is  an  exceedingly 
rare  and  very  beautiful  variety,  resembling  the  Austrian,  but 
with  somewhat  longer  leaves,  each  of  which  presents  n  twisted 
wavy  character,  and  a  .shade  of  green  half  way  between  the 
Corsican  and  Austrian  in  color.  In  its  original  native  land — the 
mountains  of  Calabria — it  grows  to  a  height  of  seventy  to  one 


FIG.  33.— CALABRIAN  PINE. 

hundred  feet,  and  judging  from  specimens  we  ht..ve  seen  here,  it 
promises  even  to  surpass  its  native  height.  For  positions  singly 
upon  broad  open  lawns,  or  to  crown  some  headland  point,  it 
has  the  characteristics  of  form,  color,  and  broad  majestic  state- 
liness  to  make  its  use  very  effective. 


EVERGREEN  -TREES.  67 

Once  it  becomes  of  seed-bearing  age,  the  remarkable  massing 
or  clustering  of  its  cones  adds  greatly  to  its  beauty  and  attract- 
iveness. Whenever  this  variety  can  be  procured  to  take  the 
place  in  grouping  of,  or  in  association  with,  the  Austrian,  it 
should  be  planted ;  but  at  present  it  is  so  rare  that  we  can  only 
look  for  its  being  placed  in  some  prominent  single  position  upon 
the  lawn. 

THE  Swiss  STONE  PINE.  Pinus  ceiribra. — The  Cembrian  or 
Swiss  Stone  Pine  is  a  very  compact  and  somewhat  slow-growing 
variety,  resembling  the  white  pine,  except  that  its  foliage  is 
shorter  and  more  stiff.  It  is  well  suited  to  the  foreground  of 
groups  of  that  variety.  It  is  perfectly  hardy,  and  very  handsome. 

THE  PITCH  PINE.  Pinus  rigida. — For  the  purpose  of  creating 
a  wild  and  somewhat  romantic  effect  upon  some  rocky  hillside, 
or  in  the  formation  of  a  broken  group,  the  pitch  pine  may  be 
used  with  good  effect;  but  as  a  tree  for  general  use  in  orna- 
mental planting,  the  dark  rich  green -of  its  foliage,  and  the 
facility  with  which  it  can  be  grown  in  any  soil,  are  its  only 
claims  to  notice. 

THE  NORWAY  PINE.  Pinus  resinosa. — The  Red  or  Norway 
Pine  is  of  rapid  growth,  quite  handsome  while  young,  its  foliage 
being  a  dark  rich  green ;  but  as  it  acquires  age  it  becomes  some- 
times too  open  and  sparse  of  foliage  to  render  it  specially  desir- 
able, except  in  large  grounds.  In  the  formation  of  masses  we 
should  use  one  or  more  of  this  variety. 

THE  MAMMOTH  TREE  OF  CALIFORNIA.  Sequoia  gigantea. — 
The  growth  and  appearance  of  this  new  California  evergreen  is 
extremely  graceful  and  beautiful.  It  is  known  under  the  various 
names  of  Washingtonia,  Wellingtonia,  and  Bastard  Cedar,  and 
was  originally  classed  as  a  Taxodium,  supposing  it  to  belong  to 
the  same  genus  as  the  deciduous  cypress.  It  was  first  discovered 
in  1831.  It  has  been  found  growing  abundantly  on  the  mount- 
ains of  Santa  Cruz,  about  sixty  miles  from  Monterey,  in  Cali- 


68 


LAWN   AND    SHADE   TREES. 


forriia,  where  its  average  height  is  two  hundred  feet,  with  trunk* 
from  eighteen  to  twenty-four  feet  in  circumference,  quite  straight 
and  clear  of  branches  to  the  height  of  sixty  or  seventy  feet.  It 
grows  rapidly  in  almost  any  soil,  and  may  yet  become  one  of 
our  most  valuable  timber  trees  for  planting  South  and  West. 

The  wood  is  of  a  beautiful  red,  fine  and  close-grained,  light 
and  durable,  and  like  red  cedar  never  attacked  by  insects. 


FIG.  34.— MAMMOTH  TREE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

As  an  ornamental  tree,  it  must  be  used  where  room  can  be 
given,  looking  forward  to  its  immense  ultimate  growth.  As  a 
graceful  lawn  tree,  or  as  a  center  tree  to  an  extensive  group  of 
cypress,  both  evergreen  and  deciduous,  larch,  birch,  etc.,  it  is 
well  suited  by  its  strong  yet  light  and  airy  character.  With 


EVERGREEN    TREES. 


69 


foliage  between  the  arborvitae  and  cypress,  it  throws  out  its 
limbs  or  branches  at  first  horizontally ;  but  they  soon  assume  a 
gentle  graceful  curve,  that  gives  to  the  tree  a  light,  easy,  and 
attractively  pleasing  form,  rendering  it  very  desirable  for  plant- 
ing in  grounds  of  considerable  extent,  or  for  the  bordering  of 
some  parts  of  a  wide  avenue  or  entrance  road  to  an  estate.  Its 
hardihood  is  perhaps  not  yet  perfectly  tested  at  the  North ;  but 


FIG.  35.— THE  LAWSON  CYPRESS. 

from  its  native  habitat,  and  the  many  exposures  that  trees  of  it 
have  received,  and  their  so  far  success,  there  is  every  reason  to 
believe  that  it  will  prove  hardy  in  most  locations. 

The  tree,  from  the  peculiar  habit  it  has  of  making  perpen- 
dicular rather  than  horizontal  roots,  should  be  transplanted 
while  quite  young,  say  not  more  than  two  or  three  years  old. 
To  insure  perfect  success,  it  is  best  to  obtain  young  plants  in 
pots/ 


70  LAWN    AND    SHADE    TREKS. 

THE-  TIIUJOPSIS  BOREALIS  is  a  new  evergreen,  with  delicate 
foliage,  resembling  somewhat  the  cypress,  rather  dark  in  color, 
of  a  rapid  growth,  hardy ;  and  for  planting  where  delicacy  in 
spray  and  foliage  is  desirable,  it  promises  of  value.  We  have 
seen  few  specimens  of  any  size. 

THE  LAWSON  CYPRESS.  Cupressus  Lawsoniana. — This  we  con- 
sider one  of  the  greatest  acquisitions  that  has  been -made  for 
many  years  to  our  list  of  hardy  evergreens.  Its  foliage  resem- 
bles the  arborvitae,  but  its  habit  is  that  of  the  hemlock.  As  a 
lawn  tree,  or  for  association  and  planting  near  water,  or  in  cem- 
eteries where  there  is  room,  its  beauty  of  foliage  and  form  ren- 
ders it  every  way  desirable.  There  is  a  variety  of  this  called 
Pyramidalis,  that  is  more  dense  and  upright,  but  to  us  not  as 
beautiful. 

THE  BALSAM  FIR.  Picea  ialsamea. — The  Balsam  Fir  is  a  very 
handsome,  compact,  erect-pointed  tree  while  young ;  but  as  it 
acquires  age  its  lower  limbs  die  away;  and  as  a  single  tree  it 
often  presents  a  ragged,  neglected  appearance.  As  a  center 
tree,  or  for  points  in  the  formation  of  groups,  it  is  desirable  ; 
and  as  a  tree  for  belts,  where  very  heavy  winds  are  experienced, 
it  proves  admirably  adapted.  In  light,  sandy  soils  its  beauty 
lasts  about  twelve  years,  while  in  rich,  deep  clay  loams  it  carries 
its  foliage  on  the  lower  limbs  and  its  beauty  from  twenty  to 
thirty  years.  Where  it  can  be  had  cheap,  it  is  well  suited  for 
massing,  using  the  European  Silver  Fir  and  American  Spruce 
for  outsides. 

THE  EUROPEAN  SILVER  FIR.  Picea  pectinata. — The  European 
Silver  Fir  is  one  of  our  most  beautiful  evergreen  trees.  From 
its  slow  growth  while  young,  and  often  losing  its  leading  shoot 
until  it  gains  a  height  of  six  to  eight  feet,  many  persons  neglect 
planting  it.  They,  however,  do  not  know  its  lasting  beauty  and 
permanence  of  form  as  it  acquires  age,  or  they  would  never  leave 
it  out  of  a  collection.  Its  branches  are  spreading  horizontally 


EVERGREEN   TREES.  71 

erect,  while  its  foliage  is  always  a  rich  dark  green  on  the  upper 
side,  and  silvery  underneath,  and,  unlike  many  other  evergreens, 
it  never  looks  dingy  at  any  season  of  the  year.  A  rich,  deep, 
rather  moist  soil  suits  it  best,  and  it  groups  elegantly  with 
magnolia  acuminata,  the  American  ash,  and  ginko.  It  does  not 


FIG.  36.— THK  EUROPEAN  SILVER  FIR. 

answer  well  as  a  screen  plant  for  belts,  being  unable  to  endure 
exposed  situations  where  severe  winds  and  storms  beat  against 
it,  and  yet  it  is  perfectly  hardy.  It  should  be  remembered,  when 
planting,  that  this  tree  acquires  a  large  size,  and  must  have 
plenty  of  room. 


72  LAWX    AXD    SHADE    TREES. 

THE  NOKDMAN'S  FIB.  Picea  Nordmaniana. — This  is  an  old 
variety,  but  comparatively  rare.  It  is  of  rapid  growth,  with 
rich  green  foliage,  that  attracts  attention  at  once.  It  is  per- 
fectly hardy,  and  should  be  more  generally  grown  and  planted. 

THE  PINSAPO  Fin.  Picea  Pinsapo. — This  is  an  elegant  trco, 
with  short,  roundish,  sharp-pointed  leaves,  set  thick  around  all 


FIG.  37.— THE  AMERICAN  WHITE  SPRUCE. 

its  branches  and  shoots,  giving  the  tree  rather  a  stiff,  but  unique 
and  beautiful  appearance.  It  is  quite  hardy,  and  so  distinct  and 
regular  as  to  make  it  desirable  as  a  lawn  or  single  tree.  The 
Noble  Silver  Fir,  the  Mount  Enoa  Fir,  Hudson's  Bay  Fir,  and 


EVERGKEEN    TKEE3.  73 

Ceplialonian  Fir  are  all  hardy,  and  varieties  of  value  in  large 
grounds.  The  Ceplialonian  is  of  a  spreading  habit,  broad  rather 
than  high,  and  for  planting  in  position  where  some  ground 
scene  is  desirable  to  be  hidden  without  obstructing  the  upper 
view,  is  a  tree  for  adoption. 

THE  AMERICAN  WHITE  SPRUCE.  Abies  alba. — For  planting  in 
small  grounds,  for  the  outskirts  of  groups  and  masses,  for  points 
on  roadways,  and  for  cemeteries,  the  American  White  and  Red 
Spruces  are  deserving  of  far  more  general  use  than  they  have 
received.  Pyramidal  tapering,  regular  and  yet  irregular,  com- 
pact without  losing  its  pleasing  variety  of  regular  outline, 
attaining  only  a  moderate  size,  the  White  Spruce  is  far  more 
suited  to  position  on  small  lawns  or  outside  masses,  or  borders 
of  half-acre  lots,  than  the  Norway,  which  is  much  more  com- 
monly planted. 

THE  AMERICAN  RED  SPRUCE.  Abies  rubra. — The  American 
Red  Spruce  has  a  half  drooping  habit,  especially  of  its  young 
branches,  and  its  whole  form  while  rising  to  a  cone  is  decidedly 
picturesque.  As  a  tree  to  aid  in  creating  a  romantic  effect  on 
a  rocky  point,  or  to  associate  with  the  flowing  ease  and  mellow- 
ness of  water  scenery,  it  is  well  suited ;  and  so  also  from  its  lim- 
ited size  and  irregular  drooping  yet  airy  form,  counterbalanced 
by  its  dark  and  almost  gloomy  foliage,  is  it  well  adapted  for 
planting  in  cemeteries. 

THE  NORWAY  SPRUCE.  Abies  excelsa. — The  Norway  Spruce  is 
now  the  popular  evergreen  tree  for  all  planting.  Unfortunately, 
it  is  used  without  regard  to  appropriateness  of  position  or  space, 
and  hence,  while  beautiful  in  itself  when  allowed  room  for  de- 
velopment, it  frequently  has  to  be  so  mutilated,  in  order  to  keep 
it  within  the  limit  which  can  be  granted,  that  it  is  no  more  a. 
Norway  Spruce,  or  tree  of  beauty.  Of  the  thousands  sold  and 
planted,  few,  comparatively,  ever  exhibit  the  character  of  grand- 
eur and  graceful  beauty  that  belongs  to  the  true  Norway. 


74:  LAWN    AND    SHADE    TREES. 

Among  the  millions  in  nurseries,  all  grown  from  seed,  a  large 
number  have  no  characteristics  to  ever  make  them  trees  of 
grandeur,  while  yet  they  may  be  trees  of  beauty.  The  planter 
in  selecting  should  look  for  plants  with  long,  pendent  shoots, 
rather  than,  stiff*  erecty  or  horizontal  ones,  as  it  is  only  the  former 


FIG.  38:— THE  AMERICAN  RED  SPRUCE. 

that  will  make  trees  of  the  greatest  beauty.  For  masses  or 
groups,  this  swaying,  drooping,  picturesquely-graceful  habit  is 
of  less  consequence  than  when  the  tree  is  to  stand  by  itself,  and 
for  hedge  or  belt  screen  growing,  to  which  the  Norway  is  well 
adapted,  the  close,  stiff,  erect-growing  plants  are  probably  the 


EYEKGREEN   TREES. 


75 


best.  The  Norway  bears  the  shears  with  impunity,  but,  except 
for  hedges,  or  perhaps  the  shortening  of  an  occasional  irregu- 
larly extending  branch,  we  consider  the  use  of  shears  as  a  prac- 
tice in  clipping  the  trees  as  erroneous,  and  creating  only  a  stiff 


FIG.  39.— THE  NORWAY  SPRUCE. 

bank  or  cone  of  green,  where  there  should  be  flowing  lines  and 
light  and  shade,  varying  with  every  breeze.  The  Norway  does 
the  best  in  a  light,  rich  loam,  but  will  grow  freely  in  any  soil  not 
wet.  In  positions  where  it  develops  itself  fully  as  a  single  tree^ 


76 


LAWN    AND    SHADE   TREES. 


or  for  grouping  or  massing,  it  is  one  of  the  very  finest ;  but  the 
planter  who  can  give  to  it  only  an  area  of  ten  to  fifteen  feet  diam- 
eter should  substitute  the  American  White  Spruce  in  its  place. 

As  we  have  said,  there  are  in  the  seed  rows  of  growers  many 
varieties,  some  of  which  are  occasionally  selected  out  and  spe- 


FIG.  40.— THE  HEMLOCK  SPRUCE. 

cifically  named,  and  the  experienced  amateur  or  professional 
man  can  select  from  them  trees  to  make  a  great  diversity  of  form, 
habit  of  growth,  and  shade  of  foliage,  by  which  he  will  add  to 
the  beauty  of  a  park  or  small  private  grounds,  and  yet  have  all 
Norway  Spruces. 


EVERGREEN    TREES.  77 

THE  HEMLOCK  SPRUCE.  Abies  Canadensis. —  The  hemlock, 
common  in  all  portions  of  our  Union,  possesses  features  of  ele- 
gance and  beauty  unlike  that  of  any  other  hardy  variety.  When 
standing  alone,  or  on  the  outskirts  of  small  groups,  its  dark  yet 
loose-looking  foliage,  hanging  in  pendulous  tufts  from  its  pecu- 
liarly graceful,  half-curving  branches,  renders  the  tree  one  of  the 
most  ornamental,  and  suited  to  a  place  in  decorating  the  grounds 
of  almost  every  residence.  It  is  a  tree  that  bears  the  shears  well, 
and  is  therefore  adapted  to  hedge  or  screen  planting.  When 
grown  in  the  nursery,  it  is  no  more  difficult  to  transplant  than 
other  evergreens,  although  it  has  been  declared  very  sensitive  of 
removal — probably  by  those  who  had  no  experience  except  with 
its  removal  from  the  woods.  It  is,  as  we  have  said,  a  beautiful 
tree  for  the  open  lawn,  but  it  lacks  stateliness  to  adapt  it  for 
position  near  the  main  residence  or  buildings. 

ARBOR  VIT^E.  Thuja. — The  American  arbor  vitsc  —  thuja 
occideutalis — frequently,  and  perhaps  more  generally,  called  white 
cedar,  is  one  of  our  most  valuable  evergreens.  Of  a  regular 
formal  outline  in  its  growth,  from  the  young  plant  to  the  tree, 
it  can  rarely  be  used  in  grouping ;  but  as  a  single  point  tree,  or 
for  screen  belts  and  hedges,  it  is  one  of  the  most  desirable.  It 
may  be  grown  to  form  a  perfect  wall  or  screen  thirty  or  forty 
feet  high,  and  yet  not  spread  at  the  base  over  four  or  five  feet 
broad.  It  is  easily  grown,  and  as  it  frequently  throws  out  roots 
from  the  stem  and  branches  when  covered  with  earth,  in  trans- 
planting it  is  well  to  set  it  somewhat  deeper  than  where  it  has 
previously  been  grown. 

Of  the  varieties,  a  new  one  under  the  name  of  Hovey  is  prob- 
ably the  most  compact,  and  of  the  best  color;  but  the  Siberian 
is  a  valuable  one,  growing  very  compact,  and  keeping  its  color 
well  in  the  winter  season.  Thuja  ericoides  is  of  a  more  delicate 
foliage;  sometimes  browns  badly  in  the  winter,  where  fully 
exposed  to  the  sun ;  while  the  Tom  Thumb,  sent  out  by  Messrs. 


78  LAWN    AND    SHADE   TREES. 

Ellwanger  &  Barry,  is  a  very  dwarf  compact  sort,  especially 
adapted  as  a  point  plant  on  beds  or  divisions  of  pathways.  All 
the  above,  as  well  as  the  Chinese  and  the  variegated-foliaged 
varieties,  are  adapted  for  planting  as  single  trees ;  and  as  they 
bear  the  knife  perfectly,  may  be  kept  clipped  and  pruned  into 
any  shape  or  form  desired  to  harmonize  with  their  position. 
The  American,  however,  is  the  one  most  generally  used  in  the 
planting  for  hedges  and  screens;  not  that  it  is  any  better  than 
the  Siberian  or  some  others,  for  it  is  not  naturally  as  compact, 
but  because  it  is  a  rapid  grower,  and  can  be  obtained  at  a  less 
cost  than  other  varieties.  In  setting  it  for  hedges,  where  it  is 
designed  to  keep  the  plants  clipped  to  a  height  never  exceeding 
four  to  six  feet,  the  plants  should  stand  one  in  a  foot  of  length 
in  the  row ;  but  where  it  is  designed  to  form  screens  or  belts, 
growing  twenty  to  forty  feet  high,  one  plant  in  four  feet  is 
sufficient.  Any  good  soil  suits  the  arbor  vita?,  and  it  bears  water 
or  wet  grounds  even  better  than  dry. 

As  an  avenue  tree  for  the  north  and  west  sides  of  driveways 
that  are  to  be  used  in  winter,  it  is  one  the  best  suited,  and 
every  country  place  should  have  one  or  more  pathways  sheltered 
by  it  for  resort  in  a  clear  winter's  day  when  the  sun  is  shining 
brightly,  and  at  the  same  time  a  cold  north  wind  prevailing. 

RED  CEDAR.  Juniperus. — The  red  cedar  of  our  country — 
juniperus  Virginiana — is  only  occasionally  planted,  because  of  its 
generally  rather  stiff  habit,  and  dull  dingy  brown  color  of  foliage 
in  winter  and  spring.  There  are,  however,  among  the  many 
plants  grown  from  seed,  varieties  that  have  more  or  less  of  a 
drooping  and  graceful  form,  and  whose  color  keeps  a  clear 
light  blue  green,  making  their  association  or  connection  with 
other  evergreens  often  very  harmonious  and  agreeable. 

In  poor,  dry,  rocky  soils  the  red  cedar  thrives  finely,  and  it 
seems  equally  at  home  in  rich,  deep  loams.  It  does  not  answer 
well  for  hedges,  as  clipped  plants  after  twelve  or  more  years  are 


EVERGEEEN   TKEES.  79 

liable  to  become  open,  ragged,  and  unsightly.  In  some  sections 
we  have  seen  roadsides  planted  with  the  red  cedar,  but  their 
appearance  is  not  that  of  beauty  or  grandeur,  and  its  use  for 
such  purpose  can  not  be  commended. 

With  the  English  juniper — communis — there  is  a  classical 
association  which  we  have  occasionally  heard  strained  to  that 
of  the  red  cedar,  as  the  tree  mentioned  in  Holy  Writ  under 
which  the  prophet  Elijah  took  refuge  in  the  wilderness  of  Becr- 
sheba  to  avoid  the  persecutions  of  King  Ahab. 

LEBANON  CEDAR.  Cedrus  Libani. — The  cedar  of  Lebanon, 
Indian  or  Deodar  cedar,  African  or  silver  cedar,  Japan  cedar, 
and  some  others,  are  all  beautiful  trees ;  but  in  the  Northern 
and  Middle  States  they  are  not  perfectly  hardy,  and  therefore 
can  not  be  recommended  for  general  planting.  Where,  however, 
they  endure  the  climate,  their  beauty  of  foliage,  the  stateliness 
and  wTide-spreading  habits  of  the  Lebanon  and  silver  cedars, 
the  pendulous  graceful  habit  of  the  Indian  and  Japan  cedars, 
should  not  be  forgotten  by  the  planter,  but  their  free  use  made 
a  point  to  the  exclusion  of  many  sorts  more  common  and  of  less 
historical  association. 

As  lawn  trees,  the  light,  airy,  graceful  characters  of  the  Japan 
and  Deodar  cedars  render  them  specially  beautiful,  and  as  we 
have  said,  wherever  the  climate  is  such  that  they  can  be  grown 
safely,  their  planting  should  not  be  omitted. 


80 


LAWN   AND    SHADE   TREES. 


CHAPTER    VI. 

WEEPING   EVERGREEN   TREES. 

THE  number  of  hardy  evergreen  trees  that  possess  distinct 
drooping  habits  to  class  them  among  weeding  trees  is  very 
limited.  Unfortunately  the  funebral  cypress,  introduced  some 
twelve  or  fifteen  years  since,  and  from  which  so  much  was 


FIG.  41.— WEEPING  JUNIPER. 

hoped  on  account  of  coming  from  the  north  of  China,  has 
proved  tender  in  all  exposed  situations  throughout  the  Northern 
and  Middle  States.  Of  the  few  on  which  reliance  can  be  placed, 
the  juniperuB  oblonga  pendula  is  of  a  small  growth,  making  a 


WEEPING    EVERGREEN   TREES.  81 

plant  often  not  more  than  eight  to  twelve  feet  high,  but  with 
horizontal  branches  from  which  drooping  spray  depends  in  an 
irregular  fastigiate  manner,  creating  for  it  a  charm  and  pic- 
turesqueness  that  together  with  its. size  make  it  one  of  the  most 
desirable  plants  for  position  in  cemeteries.  In  small  grounds, 
or  for  special  positions  in  ornamental  planting,  it  is  also  ex- 
tremely pretty,  but  should  be  used  with  great  care  and  thought 
in  studying  association  with  the  surrounding  plants  and  trees. 

Juniperus  Virginiana  pendula  is  of  a  stronger  and  more 
vigorous  habit,  sending  up  a  strong  center  stem  with  recurved 
horizontal  drooping  branches,  highly  picturesque  and  adapted 
to  rocky  or  water  scenery. 

Thuja  filiformis  is  a  variety  of  the  arbor  vitse,  with  horizontal 
branches  and  long  depending  twigs  or  spray,  giving  a'unit/ue 
and  pleasing  form,  that  with  its  light,  yellowish  green  shade  of 
foliage  is  always  attractive  and  interesting  rather  than  beaut  ml. 

It  is  well  suited  for  cemetery  purposes,  and  may  occasioi  .illy 

be  introduced  near  ponds  or  pools  of  water. 

4* 


82  LAWN   AND    SHADE   TKEES. 


CHAPTER    VII. 

EVERGREEN    SHRUBS. 

A  MORE  common,  free,  and  abundant  use  of  evergreen  shrubs 
should  be  adopted,  because  of  the  cheerful,  Bright,  verdure-like 
appearance  produced  in  the  landscape  when  their  dark  and 
light  green  foliage  and  blue  or  scarlet  berries  cover  with  har- 
monious life-like  beauty  what  otherwise  in  the  dreary  winter 
scenes  would  be  barren  and  unsightly.  Their  use  among 
deciduous  shrubs  can  be  more  general  than  that  of  evergreen 
trees,  from  the  fact  that  they  only  rise  a  few  feet,  and  therefore, 
unlike  trees,  can  not  exhibit  shade  and  gloom  to  the  scene. 
Many  a  place  is  made  beautiful  in  summer  from  the  foliage  of 
shrubs  and  the  bloom  of  flowers,  that  in  winter  presents  a  dreary 
barren  aspect,  which  is  easily  changed  and  draped  with  foliage 
and  beauty  by  the  simple  planting  of  evergreen  shrubs.  Were 
we  to  write  an  entire  book  in  advocating  their  general  use,  it 
would  not  half  express  our  feelings,  or  perhaps  any  more 
advance  their  frequent  planting  than  our  present  few  words. 
To  the  planter  who  seeks  to  create  constant  beauty,  or  who 
desires  easy  gradations  and  harmonious  combinations  in  land- 
scape ;  to  him  who  has  but  small  grounds  in  the  suburbs  of  a 
city;  to  those  who  desire  to  clothe  the  last  resting-place  of 
earthly  friends  with  emblems  of  eternity  and  lasting  beauty,  let 
me  urge  upon  their  attention  the  claims  found  in,  and  beauty 
derived  from,  the  use  of  shrub  evergreens. 

Among  the  most  hardy,  and  adapted  to  all  sections  and 
positions,  the*  JUNIPER  in  its  varieties  is,  perhaps,  most  worthy 
of  frequent  and  universal  planting.  There  is,  as  we  have 


EVERGREEN    SHRUBS.  83 

described,  trees  under  this  head  that  do  not  bear  clipping ;  but 
all  the  dwarf  or  naturally  small-sized  trees  of  this  class  bear  well 
a  free  use  of  the  shears,  and  may  be  kept  in  any  form  or  shape 
agreeable  to  the  wants  or  taste  of  man. 

The  Swedish  juniper— suecica— is  of  a  pyramidal  habit,  with  a 
bluish  green  foliage  and  quite  rapid  growth.  It  sometimes  is 
liable  to  break  down  from  our  winter  snows  or  severe  storms, 
and  should  therefore  have  a  wrapping  of  small  wires  to  keep  it 
in  form.  Its  growth  is  from  ten  to  twenty  feet  high,  although 
it  may  be  kept,  by  means  of  clipping,  down  to  a  height  of  only 
five  to  eight  feet  It  is  adapted  to  point  groups  on  the  corners 


Fia.  42.— IRISH  JUNIPER  AND  SAVIN. 

of  diverging  roadways  or  paths,  and  with  the  podocarpus  and 
Irish  juniper  very  effective  little  clusters  may  be  formed. 

The  Irish  juniper — Hibernica — forms  one  of  the  prettiest  of 
little  point  trees;  it  is  perfectly  hardy,  and  always  keeps  a 
beautiful  rich  green  color,  rather  darker  than  the  Swedish.  It 
can  be  kept  at  any  height,  from  that  of  two  feet  upward  to  five 
or  six.  The  common  juniper — communis  var.  Canadensis — is  well 
known,  but  too  rarely  planted  because  it  is  common.  Singly, 
upon  a  lawn,  it  grows  rapidly;  and  although  rising  but  a  few 
feet  high,  it  spreads  over  a  broad  surface  and  forms  a  remarkable 
and  effective  object.  Juniperus  squamata  is  also  a  variety 


84  LAWN    AND   SHADE  TREES. 

effective  as  a  large  spreading  plant  upon  an  extensive  lawn. 
Juniperus  nana  and  echimformis  are  of  a  lighter,  more  yellow 
green  and  compact  habit,  and  for  positions  where  only  a  limited 
space  can  be  given  them,  are  very  beautiful.  They  are  nearer 
allied  to  the  Juniperus  sabina,  or  common  savin,  a  variety 
well  known,  and  that  forms  one  of  the  best  masses  of  low 
growth  among  the  whole  collection. 

The  Juniperus  prostrata  is  a  very  low  creeping  variety,  of 
value  in  rock-work,  and  for  massing  and  forming  a  low  ever- 
green bed  upon  a  lawn.  It  is  admirable  also  for  planting  on 
small  mounds  and  in  cemeteries  over  the  graves  of  the  departed. 


FIG.  43.— COMMON  JUNIPER  AND  PROSTRATE  JUNIPER. 

There  are  many  more  varieties,  but  as  yet  comparatively 
scarce ;  all,  however,  or  nearly  all,  promise  to  prove  hardy  and 
of  value  in  forming  features  of  beauty  in  a  landscape.  "We 
have  seen  a  most  beautiful  mass  made  of  junipers  by  taking  the 
Swedish  as  the  center  plants,  then  the  canadensis  circling  it, 
and  intermingling  the  squamata  and  sabina  with  here  and  there 
a  hibernica,  and  toning  down  with  nana,  to  an  outside  finish 
with  prostrata. 

DWARF  PINES. — There  ai;e  several  varieties  of  the  pine  family 


EVERGREEN   SHRUBS.  85 

that  are  extremely  valuable  in  the  formation  of  groups  and 
masses  of  low  evergreens,  among  them  one  under  name  of 
pinus  pumilio,  or  dwarf  mountain  pine,  is  most  commonly  in 
use.  It  is  classed  by  many  as  identical  with  pinus  pumilio 
mughus,  or  mugho  pine,  but  the  specimens  we  have  had  to  deal 
with  under  the  latter  name  have  been  of  a  more  compact  and 
diminutive  growth,  although  the  leaf  and  color  are  similar. 

For  positions  where  a  compact,  round-headed  plant  from  six 
to  twelve  feet  high  is  wanted,  and  for  forming  a  foreground  to 
large  masses  of  round-headed  pines,  or  for  use  in  small  yards, 
the  dwarf  mountain  pine  is  exceedingly  valuable.  It  is  perfectly 
hardy,  of  a  deep  rich  green  color,  and  when  grown  by  itself, 
fully  exposed,  it  forms  a  very  compact  small  tree.  In  small 
pieces  of  rock-work,  and  for  crowning  slight  elevations  at  the 
turn  of  roads,  etc.,  we  have  found  its  use  very  effective. 

BROAD-LEAVED  YEW  —  Podocarpus. — The  broad-leaved  or 
long-leaved  Japan  yew  is  not  hardy  in  all  parts  of  the  Northern 
and  Middle  States  when  fully  exposed;  but  there  are  many 
locations  in  almost  every  place  of  any  considerable  extent  where 
groups  of  shrub  evergreens  are  wanted,  and  where  considerable 
shelter  may  be  afforded ;  in  all  such,  and  in  some  sections,  as 
around  New  York,  southern  New  Jersey,  and  on  south  and 
west,  it  is  a  very  desirable  variety  to  plant.  The  tree  is  erect, 
compact,  with  a  rich  dark  green  broad  leaf,  distinct  and  beau- 
tiful. There  are  a  number  of  varieties,  but  the  japonica  and 
taxifolia  are  probably  the  hardiest.  Any  good  loamy  soil 
suits  it. 

YEW  T-RW^Taxus.— All  of  the  yew  family  are  beautiful 
plants,  and  of  great  value  in  making  up  a  place.  When  fully 
exposed  to  the  sun,  they  sometimes  burn  and  brown  in  winter; 
but  wherever  they  are  shaded  by  having  a  position  on  the 
north  side  of  buildings,  the  northern  slope  of  a  hill,  or  the  north 
side  of  a  group  of  large  evergreens,  they  retain  their  color  per- 


86  LAWN    AND   SHADE   TREES. 

fectly.  The  common  English  yew — ~baccata — is  the  one  most 
generally  grown.  It  forms  a  bush  of  from  six  to  twelve  feet 
high,  and  when  old  enough  to  fruit,  forms  one  of  the  most 
elegant  of  evergreen  shrubs. 

The  erecta  is  more  compact  and  upright,  not  as  spreading,  in 
its  habit;  while  the  horizontalis  is  spreading,  almost  creeping, 
in  its  growth.  There  are  also  several  varieties  with  variegated 
foliage  very  curious  and  ornamental.  The  Irish  yew — Hibernica — 


PIG.  44.— ASH  BERBERRY. 

is  of  slow,  compact,  upright  growth,  forming  a  very  small, 
round,  pillar-like  tree,  but  it  will  not  endure  any  exposure  to 
the  vrkiter  suns.  The  American  yew — Canadensis — is,  perhaps, 
the  most  hardy  of  all,  but  it  is  not  of  as  rich  and  dark  a  green. 
As  a  class,  however,  masses  of  them  are  very  beautiful ;  and  when 
azaleas  are  mingled  with  them  the  result  is  quite  satisfactory, 
especially  in  spring,  when  the  azaleas  are  in  bloom.  In  England., 


EVERGREEN    SHRUBS.  8Y 

the  yew  is  used  more  or  less  for  hedges ;  but  as  a  hedge  plant, 
except  in  positions  shaded  from  the  mid-day  sun,  and  for  the 
purpose  of  variety,  its  use  in  this  country  is  not  advisable. 

ASH  BERBERRY — Mahonia. — Among  all  the  shrub  evergreens, 
the  mahonia  for  general  use  is,  without  exception,  one  of  the 
most  valuable.  In  general  appearance  of  leaf  it  much  resembles 
the  European  holly,  a  plant  that  is  not  hardy  in  the  Northern 
or  Middle  States ;  it  is  of  the  easiest  possible  culture,  growing 
freely  in  any  soil  not  wet.  Besides  its  glossy  foliage,  in  spring 
it  gives  a  profusion  of  bright  yellow  flowers,  followed  with  rich 
purple  berries,  making  it  ever  attractive  and  ornamentally  beau- 
tiful. Our  drawing  represents  a  bush  of  the  variety  aquifolium, 
with  a  cluster  of  flowers.  This  is  the  most  common  sort,  and 
is,  perhaps,  the  best  for  masses  or  low  hedges;  but  where  a 
single  plant  only  is  to  be  grown,  we  should  select  the  fascicularis 
as  being  more  unique  in  form  of  foliage,  and  more  subdued  in 
the  tone  of  color.  In  fully  exposed  positions  facing  south,  the 
mahonia  occasionally  browns  and  loses  its  foliage ;  but  we  have 
never  known  the  plants  to  kill,  and  early  in  spring  it  puts  on 
new  leaves  and  comes  forward  rapidly,  blooming  as  if  it  had 
suffered  no  loss. 

Box  TREE — Buxus. — The  common  dwarf  box — buxus  suffruti- 
cosa — is  well  known,  for  it  is,  perhaps,  the  very  best  dwarf 
edging  plant  for  flower-beds  and  borders  that  is  known.  It 
should  always  be  transplanted  early  in  the  spring,  and,  by 
a  clipping  with  shears  from  year  to  year,  never  permitted  to 
grow  above  six  to  eight  inches  in  height.  The  tree  box — buxus 
sempermrens — forms  a  pretty  dwarf  ornamental  tree  for  decorating 
small  lawns  or  grass-plots,  or  for  rounded  points  of  pathways, 
etc.  There  are  several  varieties  among  them,  comprising 
latifolia,  or  broad-leaved,  which  is  the  best ;  the  mystifolia>,  very 
narrow-leaved ;  the  aurea,  or  golden  variegated-leaved ;  the 
argentea,  or  silvery  variegated-leaved*  A  sandy  or  light  gravelly 


88  LAWN    AND    SHADE   TREES. 

soil  seems  best  to  suit  the  wants  of  the  box  tree,  and  a  partial 
shade  from  southern  suns  is  requisite  to  enable  it  to  retain  its 
foliage. 

EVERGREEN  THORN ^— Pyracantha.  —  The  fiery  or  evergreen 
thorn — cratcegus  pyracantha — is  an  evergreen  shrub,  at  present 
only  to  be  found  occasionally  in  some  amateur's  grounds,  but 
highly  deserving  a  place  everywhere  that  ornament  or  beauty 
is  sought  to  be  created. 

As  a  single  plant,  it  has  rare  attractive  features  in  its  clusters 


FIG.  45. — EVERGREEN  THORN. 

of  white  flowers,  blooming  in  the  month  of  May,  followed  by 
round  brilliant  scarlet  berries,  that  often  remain  on  a  great  part 
of  winter,  and  from  whence  its  name  of  fiery  thorn.  In  forming 
low-growing  hedges,  it  is  one  of  the  very  best  plants,  as  it  is 
perfectly  hardy,  and  bears  the  shears  as  well  as  other  thorns. 
Oar  engraving  shows  a  plant  with  a  few  clusters  of  flowers. 
Any  good  rich  garden  soil  will  answer  to  grow  it. 

COTONEASTER. — The  cotoneaster  is  a  family  of  plants  that  for 


EVEEGEEEN    SHRUBS.  89 

rock- work  and  positions  where  they  were  not  exposed  to  the 
south,  we  have  found  in  use  very  attractive  and  effective. 

There  are  three  or  four  varieties,  all  with  white  flowers,  and 
all  of  a  low,  rather  pendant  and  creeping  habit,  and  their  use 
should  be  more  generally  adopted,  especially  in  rock-work,  or 
as  undergrowth  in  shaded  situations. 

ANDROMEDA. — Two  varieties  of  andromeda,  viz.:  floribunda 
and  polifolia,  are  described  by  Mr.  Fuller  in  his  "  Forest  Tree 
Culturist"  as  worthy  of  extensive  cultivation.  They  are  of  slow 
growth,  with  lanceolate  leaves  and  white  flowers,  forming  pretty, 


FIG.  46.— KALMIA. 

low  shrubs,  and  suited  even  to  wet  soils.  We  have  had  no 
experience  with  them. 

EUONYMUS  OR  SPINDLE  TREE.— This  is  a  class  of  beautiful 
evergreen  shrubs  that  prove  partially  hardy  about  New  York, 
and  are  suited  for  planting  in  the  Southern  States;  but  they 
can  not  be  depended  upon  anywhere  north. 

HOLLY — Ilex. — The  European  holly  is  so  beautiful  in  England, 


90  LAWN    AND    SHADE    TREES. 

that  almost  every  planter  of  a  new  place  feels  anxious  to  adopt 
it.  Kepeated  experiments  with  it,  however,  compel  us  to,  all 
unwillingly,  write  that  it  can  not  be  used  and  prove  at  all  satis- 
factory. Even  our  native  variety,  the  ilex  opaca,  frequently 
browns  badly,  and  occasionally  loses  its  foliage  completely ;  and 
although  beautiful  when  it  can  be  perfectly  grown,  it  proves  so 
often  unsightly  rather  than  beautiful,  that  it  is  unwise  to  use  it 
except  in  shaded  situations.  » 

MOUNTAIN  LAUREL — Kalmia. — The  kalmia,  or  laurel  as  it  is 
commonly  called,  is  one  of  the  finest  evergreen  under  shrubs.  It 
is  perfectly  hardy  in  any  exposure,  but  it  chooses  a  soil  largely 
composed  of  vegetable  loam  and  sand.  Near  running  water  it 
grows  and  blooms  most  freely,  but  naturally  it  is  found  often  in 
the  most  barren  rocky  situations  imaginable.  As  an  under 
shrub  it  is  particularly  desirable,  as  it  bears  the  drip  of  other 
trees  without  perceptible  injury.  Its  flowers  are  produced  most 
freely  in  June,  but  it  continues  more  or  less  of  bloom  for  a 
month  or  six  weeks  in  succession.  The  latifolia,  see  engraving, 
and  auguAtifolia  and  narrow-leaved,  or  sheep  laurel,  are  the  most 
valued  varieties.  The  flowers  of  the  former  are  a  white  or  light 
pink  delicately  spotted,  while  those  of  the  sheep  laurel  are  dark  red. 

RHODODENDRON. — The  rhododendrons,  or  rose  bay  as  some- 
times called,  are  a  class  of  broad-leaved  evergreen  shrubs  of 
exceeding  beauty  both  in  foliage  and  flower.  Like  the  kalmia, 
they  succeed  best  when  grown  in  soil  composed  mostly  of 
vegetable  loam  and  sand,  although  some  cultivators  advise  free 
use  of  well-rotted  animal  manures.  Such  application  we  have 
found  to  produce  free  growth,  but  at  expense  of  hardihood,  and 
when  necessary  to  improve  the  soil,  advise  fresh  woods  loam 
rather  than  animal  manure.  The  varieties  maximum  and 
catawlnense  have  been  tested  as  to  hardihood  all  over  the  Union, 
and  everywhere  proved  successful.  Many  others  are  probably 
equally  hardy  when  grown  under  the  same  circumstances ;  but 


EVERGREEN    SHRUBS.  91 

a  large  proportion  of  those  sold  from  year  to  year  are  imported 
plants,  and  in  getting  acclimated,  too  often  die.  We  consider 
the  great  secret  in  growing  rhododendrons  successfully,  consists 
in  keeping  the  soil  cool  and  moist,  and  this  is  best  done  by  sur- 
face dressing  of  light  half-decayed  leaves  a  depth  of  three  or 
four  inches  over  the  soil  in  which  the  roots  are  growing. 

A  free  use  in  planting  of  kalmias  and  rhododendrons  in  the 


FIG.  47. — RHODODENDRON. 

small  yards  and  gardens  of  our  suburban  residences  would  give 
to  them  a  cheerful  living  brightness  in  winter,  and  add  largely 
to  their  beauty  at  all  seasons. 

CNEOKUM — Daphne. — The  garland  flower,  or  trailing  Daphne 
cneorum,  has  been  only  recently  introduced  to  notice,  although 
an  old  and  well-known  plant.  For  rock-work  planting,  for 
points  on  beds  or  borders,  it  is  one  of  the  best  as  well  as  attract- 
ive plants.  Its  flowers  are  bright  pink,  sweet  scented,  and 
produced  freely  in  April  and  May,  and  again  in  September. 


LAWN   AND   SHADE  TREES. 


CHAPTER    VIII. 

ORNAMENTAL   DECIDUOUS    SHRUBS. 

IN  all  grounds  a  well-appointed  and  arranged  shrubbery  is  a 
most  effective  and  cheerful  feature ;  and  in  grounds  of  small 
extent,  such  as  the  front  gardens  of  suburban  city  lots,  the  use 
of  shrubs  or  trees  of  small  growth  is  more  to  be  commended 
than  those  of  a  towering  or  large  spreading  habit.  Just  enough 
of  large  trees  should  be  planted  to  form  necessary  shade,  and 
then  the  effect  and  general  impression  of  beauty  be  created  by 
the  planting  of  deciduous  and  evergreen  shrubs.  One  of  the 
most  important  things  in  planting  shrubs  is  to  attend  particu- 
larly to  the  shades  of  green  in  foliage ;  another  is,  an  under- 
standing of  the  soils  and  situation  in  which  they  will  grow  and 
develop  themselves  most  luxuriantly.  "Flowers  continue  but 
for  a  short  period  in  comparison  with  the  duration  of  the  leaves, 
and  therefore  the  more  permanent  picture  should  be  executed 
by  judiciously  contrasting  the  green.  Even  the  effect  of  per- 
spective may  be  considerably  increased  by  the  proper  arrange- 
ment of  hues.  Shrubs  whose  leaves  are  of  a  gray  or  bluish  tint, 
when  seen  over  or  between  shrubs  of  a  yellowish  or  bright 
green,  will  seem  thrown  into  the  distance.  Those,  again,  with 
small  or  tremulous  leaves,  should  wave  over  or  before  those 
with  large,  broad-fixed  foliage.  Where  the  situation  will  permit, 
three  or  five  lilacs  may  be  grouped  together  in  one  place,  or  as 
many  laburnums  in  another,  so  as  to  give  effect  in  various  parts 
by  a  mass  of  color." 

"A  shrubbery,"  says  Mr.  Phillips,  "should  be  planted  as  a 
court  or  stage  dress  is  ornamented,  for  general  effect,  and.  not 


ORNAMENTAL   DECIDUOUS    SHRUBS.  93 

for  particular  and  partial  inspection.  Boldness  of  design, 
which  seems  to  be  more  the  offspring  of  nature  and  chance 
than  of  art  and  study,  should  be  attempted ;  but  though  bold- 
ness is  what  the  planter  should  aspire  to,  all  harshness  or  too 
great  abruptness  must  be  avoided  by  a  judicious  mixture  of 
plants  whose  colors  will  blend  easily  with  one  another."  The 
most  beautiful  shrubs  should  of  course  be  planted  in  the  most 
conspicuous  places,  and  the  whole  with  respect  to  evergreens  so 
arranged  as  to  contribute  in  making  bright  the  gloom  of 
winter;  in  reducing  and  softening  the  glare  of  summer,  and 
assist  in  lengthening  the  season  by  their  early  flowers  in  spring 
and  their  ripening  berries  in  autumn. 

The  ACACIA — Robinia. — The  rose  acacia  (Robinia  Jiispida)  is 
an  old  shrub  commonly  well  known,  but  latterly  little  planted. 
Its  large  clusters  of  rose-colored  flowers  in  July  are  extremely 
beautiful,  and  as  it  commences  flowering  when  only  some  two  feet 
high,  rarely  rising  above  four  or  five  feet,  there  are  many  places 
where  its  introduction  in  the  foreground  is  productive  of 
pleasing  effects.  The  objection  to  it  has  been  its  tendency  to 
throw  up  numerous  suckers  from  its  long,  straggling  roots ;  but 
these  may  easily  be  kept  in  bounds  by  regular  cutting  back 
with  a  sharp  spade  in  August.  It  can  be  grafted  on  the  stronger- 
growing  varieties  of  the  locust,  when  it  forms  a  small,  very 
pretty,  and  ornamental  round  head,  quite  well  suited  to  position 
on  some  small  lawns. 

The  CLAMMY  BARKED  LOCUST — Robinia  viscosa — grows  to  a 
height  of  ten  or  fifteen  feet,  and  has  a  gummy  substance  over  its 
branches  that  makes  it  unpleasant  to  the  touch.  It  has  large 
pale  pink  flowers,  and  in  forming  large  clusters  of  shrubs  and 
second-class  trees  it  is  often  desirable.  There  are  a  number  of 
other  varieties,  such  as  inermis,  tortuosa,  grandiflora,  etc.,  all 
more  or  less  beautiful  when  placed  in  large  groups,  but  not  of 
themselves  sufficiently  ornamental  for  single  positions  in  small 


94  LAWN   AND   SHADE   TKEES. 

grounds.  Tn  rock-work  planting,  the  hispida  may  be  used 
advantageously. 

The  ALTHEA — Hibiscus  Syriacus. — The  rose  of  Sharon,  as  it  is 
most  commonly  called,  is  a  shrub  of  almost  universal  use  in 
planting.  It  grows  from  six  to  eight  feet  high,  and  does  best 
in  light  dry  soils.  It  is  of  a  stiff,  formal  shape,  even  when  left  to 
take  its  own  natural  way ;  but  as  it  bears  the  shears  well,  and 
in  fact  seems  thereby  to  increase  its  blooms,  plants  may  be  so 
clipped  as  to  present  broad  masses  of  foliage  and  flowers  from 
the  ground  upward.  As  an  ornamental  hedge  plant  it  takes  on 
its  foliage  too  late  in  spring,  and  is  also  partially  tender,  occa- 
sionally killing  during  a  very  cold  winter.  There  are  varieties 
with  white  pink  or  purple  and  variegated  flowers,  both  single 
and  double.  It  blooms  during  the  last  of  August  or  early  in 
September,  and  where  single  plants  are  wanted  of  a  regular 
systematic  form,  or  for  the  back-plants  of  masses  on  straight 
lines,  it  is  valuable. 

The  ALDER — Alnus. — Until  within  a  few  years  the  alder  has 
not  been  much  planted,  but  recently  there  have  been  introduced 
some  varieties  with  foliage  so  strikingly  marked,  that  wherever 
there  is  a  moist  soil,  or  a  low  group  is  wanted  near  a  spring, 
their  planting  will  be  found  advisable. 

Of  the  varieties  most  prized  are  the  oak-leaved,  the  serrate- 
leaved,  and  the  lasciniated  or  cut-leaved.  In  growth,  the  alder 
usually  rises  to  a  height  of  about  ten  to  twenty  feet,  with  foliage 
all  of  a  dark  green  color. 

The  ALMOND  —  Amygdalus. — The  dwarf  double  flowering 
almond — amygdalus  pumila — is  one  of  the  oldest  flowering 
shrubs  of  our  knowledge.  Its  period  of  early  flowering  (April), 
together  with  their  profusion  and  beauty ;  its  slender  twigs  and 
general  graceful  delicacy  in  form  of  growth  ;  the  perfect  hardi- 
hood of  the  plant,  all  combine  to  make  it  a  shrub  of  great  value 
in  decorative  gardening.  On  account  of  its  low  growth  and 


ORNAMENTAL   DECIDUOUS    SHRUBS.  95 

delicacy  of  stem,  it  should  always  be  planted  in  the  foreground 
of  a  group  or  upon  the  point  of  a  pathway,  where  it  can  display 
its  beautiful  formed  flowers,  like  little  roses,  in  the  most  con- 
spicuous manner.  There  is  a  rose-colored  and  white-flowered 
variety,  both  equally  free  bloomers.  The  white  is  especially 
desirable  for  planting  in  cemeteries,  and  masses  well  with 
mahonias. 

The  AZALEA. — The  azaleas  nudiflora  and  mscosa  are,  we 
believe,  the  varieties  most  common  to  this  country.  They  are 
found  wild  in  many  parts  of  the  Northern  and  Middle  States, 


FIG.  48.— AZALEA. 

and  are  generally  known  as  swramp  pink  or  swamp  honeysuckle. 
They  are  perfectly  hardy,  and  the  beauty  and  fragrance  of  their 
flowers  when  in  bloom  render  them  plants  of  rare  value  and 
interest  in  forming  masses  or  groups  of  shrubs,  and  especially 
for  mingling  with  rhododendrons  and  other  small  evergreens. 
The  pontica,  we  believe,  is  the  only  foreign  variety  proved  to  be 
perfectly  hardy;  but  there  are  a  great  many  of  the  Belgian 
varieties  that  may  be  grown  with  little  trouble  in  tubs  or  pots, 


96  LAWN    AND    SHADE   TREES. 

kept  in  a  pit  frame  during  winter,  and  placed  in  the  out-door 
shrubbery  on  approach  of  spring.  The  flowers  produced  in 
May  of*  our  native  varieties  are  almost  white,  varying  to  a  pink, 
while  those  of  the  pontica  are  a  bright  yellow.  Writers  say  they 
must  have  peat  soil  in  order  to  succeed,  but  we  have  found  any 
good  loamy  soil  to  answer,  provided  wre  mulched  it  with  leaves 
or  leaf  mold.  The  same  soil  and  care  suitable  for  growing 
rhododendrons  answers  well  for  azaleas. 

The  AMORPHA. —  There  are  a  number  of  varieties  of  the 
amorpha  or  bastard  indigo,  all  more  or  less  ornamental,  both 
from  their  foliage  as  well  as  their  long  spikes  of  blue  or  purple 
flowers  produced  in  July  and  August.  Their  stems  occasionally 
die  after  three  or  more  years  old,  hence  they  should  always  be 
grown  in  the  bush  form,  cutting  out  the  oldest  stems  from  year 
to  year.  Any  good  garden  soil  will  answer  for  them,  provided 
it  is  not  too  wet  or  too  dry. 

The  variety  nana  is  the  most  dwarf,  growing  only  one  to  two 
feet  high ;  gldbra,  growing  four  to  six  feet ;  and  fragrans,  eight 
or  more  feet  in  height.  They  are  all  good  for  planting  on  the 
borders  of  water-streams  or  ponds,  and  also  for  strong  contrasts 
and  backgrounds  in  masses. 

The  AMELANCHIER. — Under  the  common  name  of  shad  bush, 
the  amelanchier  vulgaris  is  well  known  and  admired,  when  in 
early  spring  its  peculiarly- formed  flowers  cover  the  tree,  as  it 
were,  like  a  white  sheet.  It  is  then  seen  at  a  distance  as  beau- 
tiful as  any  of  the  magnolias,  and  when  planted  so  that  some 
evergreen  shall  be  contiguous  and  form  its  background,  no 
plant  creates  more  universal  attention  or  admiration.  It  makes 
a  small  tree  of  from  twelve  to  twenty  feet  high. 

The  JUNE  BERRY — A.  'botryapium — has  also  white  flowers  in 
April,  hanging  in  pendulous  racemes ;  the  bark  and  wood  more 
smooth,  and  the  tree  of  not  quite  as  large  growth  as  the  shad 
bush.  It  is  a  very  desirable  small  tree  for  door-yards  or  small 


ORNAMENTAL   DECIDUOUS    SHRUBS.  97 

confined  situations,  and  its  blossoms  are  followed  by  fruit  often 
very  palatable  in  the  month  of  June. 

There  is  also  a  variety  of  this  with  the  youjig  wood  of  a  dark 
red  or  blood  color,  but  its  flowers  and  fruit  are  less  abundant. 
Any  good  soil  not  wet  suits  them. 

The  BERBERRY — Berberis. — There  are  quite  a  number  of 
varieties  of  the  barberry,  all  pleasing,  ornamental  shrubs  growing 
from  four  to  ten  feet  high,  but  bearing  the  shears  so  well  that 
they  may  be  kept  at  just  any  height  desired.  Massed  in  a  group 
composed  of  the  varieties,  and  planting  the  purple-leaved  as  the 
center  or  background,  and  interspersing  occasionally  the  varie- 
gated-leaved, a  good  effect  is  produced  without  the  aid  of  other 
shrubs.  In  spring,  or  the  month  of  May,  their  flowers  are  yellow 
or  deep  orange,  borne  in  pendant  racemes,  followed  by  bright 
Scarlet  or  purple  fruit,  which  if  left  will  hang  on  nearly  or  quite 
all  winter.  As  a  fancy  screen  hedge  the  barberry  answers 
admirably,  and  a  pretty  effect  is  created  by  interspersing  along 
the  row  an  occasional  plant  of  the  purple-leaved,  variegated- 
leaved,  etc.  A  rich  deep  loam  is  best  fitted  for  the  barberry, 
but  it  will  grow  anywhere  if  the  soil  is  not  wet. 

The  BUCKTHORN — Rhamnus.-^A.s  a  hedge  plant,  the  buck- 
thorn— rhamnus  catharticus — has  no  superior,  if  indeed  it  has 
an  equal.  The  plant  is  perfectly  hardy ;  never  suckers ;  roots 
extend  but  a  little  distance,  and  being  of  fibrous  nature  do  not 
interfere  with  the  growing  of  anything  even  to  within  a  foot  of 
the  hedge.  It  grows  in  any  soil,  and  no  animal,  unless  it  is  the 
goat,  feeds  upon  its  leaves ;  nor  is  it  attacked  by  insects.  Its 
foliage  is  of  a  dark  rich  green,  put  on  early  in  spring  and 
retained  late  in  autumn.  As  an  ornamental  plant  for  large 
groups,  or  even  planted  singly,  it  is  very  desirable  from  the 
habit  it  can  be  made  to  take ;  the  dark  rich  green  of  its  leaf, 
the  white  clusters  of  flowers  in  spring,  and  the  dark  blue  fruit 
of  autumn  often  hanging  into  winter.  Besides  the  common 

5 


98  LAWN   AND   SHADE   TREES. 

variety,  there  is  a  broad-leaved  sort — latifolia — that  for  single 
positions  is  especially  attractive  from  its  criuiped-like  foliage 
and  erect  habit.  , 

The  BUFFALO  THEE — Sheperdia. — The  peculiar  silvery  leaves 
of  the  Sheperdia  argentea,  or  buffalo  berry  tree  as  it  is  commonly 
called,  make  it  very  desirable  in  grouping,  as  a  foreground  to 
trees  or  shrubs,  of  darker  greens.  It  bears  the  shears  well,  and 
may  be  kept  at  any  desired  low  height,  although  when  left  to 
itself  it  makes  a  tree  or  shrub  from  ten  to  fifteen  feet  high.  Its 
flowers  are  yellow,  and  although  not  particularly  beautiful  of 
themselves,  yet  they  are  so  abundant  upon  the  branches  as  to 
make  the  tree  attractive  at  that  season;  and  in  autumn  it  is  very 
showy  from  its  masses  of  red  or  bright  scarlet  fruit,  of  size  about 
like  currants.  The  fruit  is  very  valuable  for  tarts,  and  aside 
from  its  ornamental  character  renders  the  shrub  one  of  value  for 
all  grounds. 

The  BLADDER  SEXNA — Colwtea. — This  is  a  very  attractive 
shrub ;  one  variety  having  light  yellow  flowers,  another  those 
of  orange  color  dotted  with  red,  designated  as  Pocock's  senna 
and  cruenta,  with  reddish  flowers.  It  commences  blooming  in 
June,  and  frequently  continues  many  weeks,-  but  its  peculiar 
attraction  comes  from  the  delicate  light  green  of  its  foliage,  and 
the  bladder  or  balloon-like  pods  that  follow  its  flowers.  Its 
height  is  usually  four  to  six  feety  but  it  may  be  kept  down  by 
use  of  the  shears  in  spring. 

The  BLADDER  NUT — StapTiylea. — The  bladder  nut — staphyleai 
trifolia — is  a  very  pretty  shrub  or  low  tree,  with  light  green 
foliage,  and  a  profusion  of  small,  white  bell-shaped  flowers  in 
May  and  early  June.  It  has,  however,  a  disposition  to  sucker 
so  much,  that  it  is  not  best  to  plant  it  except  where  there  will 
be  little  or  no  stirring  of  the  soil. 

The  CLETHRA. — Although  a  native  shrub,  found  in  some  of 
its  varieties  in  the  low  grounds  of  most  sections  of  the  States, 


ORNAMENTAL   DECIDUOUS    SHRUBS. 


99 


the  clethra  is  nevertheless  deserving,  on  account  of  its  beautiful 
and  numerous  spikes  of  white  flowers,  a  place  in  every  collection. 
All  are  perfectly  hardy,  and  with  exception  of  the  acuminata, 
make  shrubs  of  height  from  four' to  five  feet,  and  blooming 


FIG.  49.— CLETHRA. 

freely  from  July  to  September.  The  alnifolia  is  most  common, 
and  perhaps  the  best  of  the  varieties.  It  succeeds  well  in  any 
good  garden  soil. 

The  CURRANT — Ribes. — There  are  a  number  of  very  attractive 
shrubs  designated  as  flowering  currants,  to  distinguish  them 
from  varieties  grown  particularly  for  their  fruit.  All  are  metre 
or  less  ornamental,  and  can  be  grown  in  almost  any  soil  or 
situation. 

The    crimson    flowering   variety — sanguineum — is    partially 


100  LAWN   AND    SHADE    TREES. 

tender,  and  can  not  be  relied  upon  unless  protected  in  winter ; 
but  the  Gordoni,  or  Gordon's  flowering  currant,  is  perfectly 
hardy,  a  strong,  vigorous  grower,  with  long,  pendant  racemes  of 
crimson  and  yellow  flowers  in  May,  rendering  its  appearance 
highly  attractive  and  pleasing.  It  should  be  in  all  collections. 
The  double-flowering  crimson — sanguineum  flare  plena — like  its 
parent,  is  partially  tender;  all  the  others  are  hardy.  Very  pretty 


FIG.  50.— GORDON'S  CTJKRAOT. 

groups  or  masses  for  spring  show  can  be  made  by  using  the  dif- 
ferent varieties  of  flowering  currants. 

The  DEUTZIA. — -For  foregrounds  to  masses  of  shrubbery,  or 
for  producing  a  profusion  of  white  flowers,  the  different  varieties 
of  Deutzia  have  claims  to  pre-eminence.  They  are  all  perfectly 
hardy  and  easily  grown  in  any  soil.  The  rough -leaved  or 
scdbra  is  the  strongest  grower,  making  a  shrub  from  four  to  five 
feet  high,  with,flowers  resembling  orange  blossoms.  Coryiribosum 


ORNAMENTAL   DECIDUOUS    SHKUBS.  101 

comes  next  in  growth,  then  crenate-leaved,  while  gracilis  is  quite 
a  dwarf,  say  from  one  to  two  feet  in  height. 

The  ELDER — Sambucus. — Although  a  common  wild  shrub,  the 
broad  cymes  of  delicate  white  flowers  followed  by  dark  purple 
or  reddish  fruit  produced  on  the  elder,  render  it  desirable  for 
planting  in  all  large  groups  of  shrubs ;  and  for  use  in  making 
bouquets,  one  or  more  plants  of  it  should  be  in  every  collection. 
There  are  quite  a  number  of  varieties;  some  with, white  fruit, 
others  of  a  reddish  tinge ;  some  growing  into  small  trees  .with 
single  trunks,  others  forming  clusters  of  stems;  some  with 
variegated  foliage,  and  one  with  a  leaf  lasciniated  so  as  to  be 
termed  parsley  leaf.  All  are  of  easy  cultivation  in  good  deep 
rich  soils. 

The  GOLDEN  BELL  SHRUB — Forsythia. — The  Forsythia  mridis- 
sima,  although  comparatively  of  recent  introduction,  is  so  easily 
grown  that  it  has  become  quite  common.  It  is  not  perfectly 
hardy  in  all  locations,  but  generally  succeeds  when  planted  so 
that  it  will  be  shaded  from  midday  or  afternoon  sun.  Its  flowers 
are  bright  yellow,  bell-shaped,  produced  very  early  in  spring 
on  spurs  or  wood  of  two  years  old  or  more,  and  gives  most  effect 
when  seen  against  an  evergreen  as  a  background.  The  young 
wood  is  a  bright  greenish  yellow ;  foliage  bright  lively  green, 
and  in  shaded  positions  often  retained  until  Christmas. 

The  HAWTHORN —  Cratwgus. — In  England  the  cratcegusoxycanthot 
is  largely  used  as  a  hedge  plant ;  but  trials  of  it  in  this  country 
prove  it  not  well  suited  to  endure,  when  clipped,  our  strong  hot 
suns  and  frequent  dry  seasons.  As  an  ornamental  plant,  where 
large  groups  or  masses  are  to  be  formed,  the  beauty  of  some 
varieties  with  their  double  white,  pink,  or  scarlet  flowers  in 
May,  render  their  planting  almost  a  necessity.  Left  to  them- 
selves when  planted  alone,  as  is  sometimes  done  on  lawns,  they 
form  very  regular  round-headed  little  trees  of  ten  to  fifteen  feet 
high.  All  may  be  budded  or  grafted,  and  the  numerous 


102  LAWN  AND  SHADE  TREES. 

varieties  with  varied  foliage  as  well  as  flowers,  render  the  plan 
of  grafting  two  or  more  of  a  kind  on  the  same  stem  a  very 
desirable  one,  especially  in  small  grounds  where  only  room  can 
be  given  for  a  few  plants. 

The  HORSE-CHESTNUT — Pama. — The  dwarf  horse-chestnut — 
pavia  macrostachya — is  one  of  the  finest  low-growing  shrubs. 
There  are  two  varieties,  one  with  white  and  one  with  variegated 
or  red  flowers,  both  forming  spikes  large  and  showy  in  July 
and  August.  The  plants  form  bushes  as  it  were,  often  spreading 


FIG.  51.— DWABF  HORSE-CHESTNUT. 

many  feet  wide,  but  seldom  rising  above  four  to  six  feet  in 
height. 

The  HOP  TREE — Ptelea. — A  few  years  since  the ptelea  trifoliata 
or  trefoil  tree  acquired  a  general  although  transient  reputation 
as  a  plant  to  grow  for  the  value  of  its  seed  capsules,  as  substi- 
tutes for  hops,  and  under  the  name  of  hop  tree  thousands  were 
sold.  As  an  ornamental  low  tree  when  trained  to  a  single  stem 
it  is  very  pretty  and  desirable  for  planting  in  the  foreground 
of  groups. 

The  HYDRANGEA. — Most  of  the  hydrangeas  require  protection 


ORNAMENTAL   DECIDUOUS   SHKUBS.  103 

during  the  winters  at  the  North ;  but  there  are  some  varieties, 
as  the  oak-leaved — quercifolia,  heart-leaved — cordata,  and  some 
others,  that  prove  hardy ; .  and  for  positions  where  low-growing 
plants  with  large  foliage  are  required,  they  are  particularly  well 
adapted,  and  from  their  large  spikes  of  greenish  white  flowers 
measurably  ornamental.  Hydrangea  Deutziafolia  is  a  new 
variety  of  good  promise,  and  should  be  tested. 


Fio.  52.— UPRIGHT  OB  TREE  HONEYSUCKLE. 

The  UPRIGHT  HONEYSUCKLE — Lonicera. — The  tree  or  Tartarian 
honeysuckles  are  hardy  and  beautiful  shrubs,  blooming  early  in 
June.  In  foliage  they  are  quite  handsome,  and  the  flower  being 
followed  writh  fruit  makes  them  desirable  in  all  grounds,  even 
of  the  smallest.  They  grow  freely  in  all  soils,  attaining,  if  left 
undipped,  a  height  of  ten  or  twelve  feet ;  but  they  should  be 
annually  clipped  and  kept  down  to  four  or  five  feet.  Very 
pretty  ornamental  hedges  can  be  formed  by  mingling  the 


104  LAWN  AND  SHADE  TEEES. 

different  colored  flowering  sorts.     The  rubra,  alba,  and 
Tulenta  are  among,  if  not  the  best. 

The  HIPPOPHAE. — This  is  a  low-growing  shrub  with  narrow 
leaves,  downy  whitish  underneath,  of  no  great  beauty,  but 
pleasing  and  desirable  as  a  foreground  plant  in  forming  large 
masses.  Some  of  the  varieties  have  been  described  as  growing 
to  a  height  of  fifteen  or  more  feet;  but  we  have  never  seen 
any  above  six  feet,  and  oftener  as  low  bushes  of  two  or  three 
feet.  Its  flowers  are  of  a  bright  yellow,  and  its  blooms  in  May 
are  followed  with  orange-colored  fruit  that  often  hangs  on  all 
winter,  rendering  the  effect  when  massed  with  evergreens  very 
good. 

The  JAPAN  GLOBE  FLOWER. — The  Japan  globe  flower — 
Kerria  Japonica — but  a  few  years  since  was  universally  planted. 
Of  late  its  use  has  become  quite  rare,  and  many  new  places 
with  all  the  varieties  have  not  a  plant  of  this  old  favorite.  Its 
habit  of  sucking  is  against  it ;  but  mingled  with  low-growing 
evergreens,  its  smooth  greenish  wood,  twig-like  branches,  and 
lanceolate  serrated  leaves,  in  connection  with  the  profusion 
of  rose-shaped  yellow  flowers  that  it  bears  from  March  to  July, 
make  it  very  attractive  and  desirable.  There  is  a  small  growing, 
variegated-leaved  sort  that  suits  well  the  foreground  of  a  mass 
or  group. 

The  KOELREUTERIA. — For  the  foreground  of  groups  in  which 
the  Austrian  or  Scotch  pines  are  prominent,  the  Koelreuteria 
paniculata,  although  only  occasionally  used,  is  really  a  very 
desirable  plant.  It  is  also  well  suited  to  a  place  in  small 
gardens  or  lawns,  and  particularly  where  an  erect,  small,  upright 
tree  is  wanted.  Its  stems  are  rather  stiff  than  graceful,  its 
leaves  coarsely  toothed  and  prominent ;  but  its  flowers  borne  at 
the  ends  of  the  shoots  in  long  racemose  spikes  or  panicles  of  a 
bright  yellow  color,  give  to  the  plant  or  tree  a  very  fine 
appearance.  The  flowers  are  followed  by  large  bladdery 


ORNAMENTAL    DECIDUOUS    SHKUBS.  105 

capsules,  containing  seeds,  and  in  autumn  the  foliage  before 
falling  changes  to  a  deep  yellow.  It  succeeds  in  any  good 
garden  soil  and  makes  a  tree  of  about  fifteen  to  twenty  feet  high. 

The  LABURNUM — Cytisus, — As  a  low  growing  ornamental 
tree  or  large  shrub,  the  laburnum  or  golden  chain  has  few 
rivals.  The  shape  of  the  head  is  often  irregular  and  pictur- 
esque ;  its  foliage  is  of  a  smooth  shining  and  beautiful  green  ; 
it  will  grow  in  almost  any  soil,  not  wet,  and  when  it  flowers  in 
June,  its  long  pendant  racemes  of  yellow  or  purple  blooms  make 
it  extremely  attractive  and  beautiful.  The  variety  with  yellow 
flowers,  most  commonly  grown  in  the  nurseries,  makes  a  tree 
sometimes  of  fifteen  to  twenty  feet  in  height;  but  it  often 
loses  its  main  stem,  and  sending  up  a  cluster  of  stems,  forms 
rather  a  shrub  than  a  tree.  The  purple-flowering  variety 
resembles  in  growth  the  common  English,  and  occasionally  its 
flowers  revert  back  to  the  original  yellow.  There  are  several 
other  varieties,  but  mainly  differing  only  in  form  of  foliage  or 
period  of  bloom.  They  may  be  easily  engrafted  one  upon , 
the  other,  and  thus  one  tree  made  to  exhibit  varied  foliage  and 
blooms,  giving  to  it  a  unique  appearance.  As  a  single  tree  on 
small  lawns,  or  for  planting  in  cemeteries,  or  foregrounds  of 
groups  of  trees,  the  laburnum  is  one  of  the  most  desirable. 

The  LILAC — Syringa. — The  common  lilac — syringa,  vulgaris — 
is  well  known  all  over  the  country ;  and  although  it  has  a  great 
tendency  to  sucker,  a  little  attention  from  year  to  year  will 
enable  the  grower  to  keep  it  to  a  single  stem,  and  it  is  then  a 
beautiful  tree  in  leaf,  and  pre-eminently  so  when  in  flower. 
Grouped  with  the  snow-ball,  red-bud,  and  other  small-sized 
trees  or  large  shrubs,  it  makes  always  an  attractive  appearance, 
and  should  not  be  thrown  one  side  because  it  is  common.  There 
are  several  varieties  with  different  shades  of  lilac  and  some  pure 
•white,  and  some  with  double  flowers;  all,  however,  of  general 
habit  in  growth. 

5* 


106  LAWN  AND  SHADE  TREES. 

There  is  one  known  as  Josikgea  and  one  as  Charles  the  Tenth, 
which  have  much  the  same  habit  of  the  old  variety,  but  with 
more  glossy  leaves,  and  tlje  former  flowers  of  a  deep  purple,  and 
the  latter  a  reddish  purple.  There  is  also  a  variegated-leaved 
variety  of  the  common  vulgar-is. 

There  is  also  a  class  of  lilacs  under  the  names  of  Chinese  and 
Persian.  The  former,  Chinese,  is  intermediate  between  vulgaris 
and  persica  in  its  habit  of  upright  growth  and  with  partially 
strong  wood,  while  the  latter  has  slender  wood,  sometimes  almost 
recurved.  There  are  a  great  many  varieties,  differing  mainly  in 
the  shade  of  color  in  flower,  while  some  are  pure  white.  All  of 
the  lilacs  are  perfectly  hardy ;  may  be  clipped  and  kept  at  any  low 
height,  and  masses  formed  from  a  complete  collection  of  the  colors 
become  very  effective,  especially  if  a  little  attention  is  paid,  when 
planting,  to  arranging  them  with  regard  to  the  shades  of  the 
flowers  and  foliage.  The  cut-leaved  lilac — lasciniata — is  a  pretty 
variety  for  the  foreground  of  a  mass  or  for  a  single  point  plant, 
on  account  of  its  curiously  serrated  or  clipped  leaves. 

The  MEZEREDM — Daphne. — The  Daphne  mezereuin  is  a  small 
shrub  of  about  two  to  three  feet  in  height,  producing  on  its 
stems  a  profusion  of  pink  or  white  flowers,  according  to  the 
variety,  in  March  or  early  April,  before  almost  anything  else.  The 
flowers  are  very  fragrant,  and  the  plant  on  account  of  its  period 
of  blooming  an  exceedingly  valuable  one  to  plant.  It  needs  a 
dry  soil,  deep  and  rich.  The  seeds  or  berries  following  the 
flowers  become  ripe  and  red  in  August  or  September,  and  are 
poisonous. 

The  MAGNOLIA. — Under  the  head  of  TREES  we  have  named 
most  of  the  varieties  of  magnolia  in  cultivation,  because  most 
of  them  form  trees  rather  than  shrubs ;  but  the  magnolia  pur- 
purea  rarely,  if  ever,  grows  above  six  feet  in  height,  and  from 
its  hardiness,  broad,  large,  dark  green  foliage  and  numerous 
large  cup-shaped  purple  and  white  flowers,  demand  for  it  a 


ORNAMENTAL   DECIDUOUS    SHKUBS. 


107 


place  in  every  garden,  no  matter  how  limited.  As  a  single 
plant  it  is  always  attractive,  and  for  massing  with  low-growing 
evergreens  like  the  rhododendrons  and  kalmias,  it  is  extremely 
valuable.  There  are  two  or  three  varieties,  but  not  in  general 
cultivation;  the  gracilis  is  probably  the  best;  it  has  leaves  nar- 
rower than  the  purpurew,  and  the  petals  of  the  flower  are  longer, 
and  when  opened  fold  back  slightly. 

Obovata  pumila  is  a  dwarf  variety,  forming  only  a  little  bush 
one  and  a  half  to  two  feet  high,  valuable  for  foregrounds  of 


FIG.  53. — MAGNOLIA  PUBPUKEA. 

shrubs ;  it,  however,  does  not  flower  freely,  and  where  only  one 
or  two  plants  are  wanted,  purpurea  and  gracilisshould  be  selected. 
The  OLEASTER — Elceagnus. — The  oleaster  x>r  wild  olive  tree  is 
a  shrub  growing  from  eight  to  fifteen  feet  in  height,  and  from 
its  peculiar  whitish  foliage  desirable  for  planting  when  it  is 
wished  to  attract  the  eye  to  a  particular  point.  For  small 
grounds  or  positions  where  it  comes  directly  under  the  eye,  it 
has  no  claims  to  a  place.  The  flowers  are  a  pale  yellow, 


108 


LAWN    AND   SHADE   TREES. 


fragrant  in   some  varieties,  but  not  prominent  ,m  beauty  or 
attractiveness. 

The  FLOWERING  PLUM — Prunus. — Under  the  name  of  prunus 
trilobata  a  new  dwarf  shrub  has  been  recently  introduced  that 
promises  great  beauty,  from  its  bearing  a  profusion  of  delicate 
pink  semi-double  flowers  of  about  one  inch  in  diameter  thickly 
spread  upon  its  long  and  slender  branches.  It  is  yet  rare,  but 
will  doubtless  soon  find  a  place  in  evc/y  garden,  where  it 
should  have  a  conspicuous  position.  It  is  quit&  hardy. 


FIG.  54.-  -DOUBLE-FLOWERING  PLUM. 

The  DOUBLE-FLOWERING  PLUM — Prunus. — The  double-flower- 
ing plum,  or  as  often  called  sloe  plum,  is  one  of  the  finest  small 
trees  or  large  shrubs  in  the  whole  list.  It  is  perfectly  hardy  ; 
forms  a  round,  compact  head,  and  when  in  bloom  its  mass  of 
little  white  double  daisy-like  flowers  makes  it  a  most  attractive 
and  beautiful  object.  Our  engraving  was  copied  from  a  plant  we 
set  in  1853.  It  should  have  a  place  by  itself,  open,  upon  the  lawn. 


ORNAMENTAL    DECIDUOUS    SHRUBS. 


109 


The  PRIVET  or  PRIM — Ligustrum. — The  privet  or  prim  is 
well  known,  as  it  is  native  to  many  sections.  There  are  quite  a 
large  number  of  varieties,  distinguished  by  their  foliage.  All 
are  hardy,  and  their  white  flowers'  in  spring  and  black  berries 
in  August  make  them  beautiful  although  common.  As  hedge 
plants  for  ornamental  purposes  they  are  among  the  very  best, 


FIG.  55.— PURPLE  FRIKGE  TREE. 

growing  freely  in  almost  any  soil,  and  keeping  thi,4r  f  /liage  so 
late  as  to  be  almost  sub-evergreen.  We  have  seen  clumps  of 
the  varieties  in  circles  and  clipped  to  give  a  round-headed  mass 
of  from  fifteen  to  twenty  feet  diameter  and  six  feet  high  in 
center,  that  were  very  attractive.  Banks  for  screening  lo\r  but 
unsightly  objects  may  be  formed  readily  by  planting  ai>d 
shearing  privet  plants. 


110  LAWN    AND   SHADE   TREES. 

The  PURPLE  FRINGE  TREE — Wins. — The  Venetian  sumach  or 
purple  fringe  tree — rhus  cotinus — is  a  much  admired  shrub  from 
its  flowers,  which  are  borne  in  large  panicles,  often  proving 
abortive,  and  their  pedicles  lengthening  and  becoming  hairy 
cover  almost  the  entire  tree.  It  sometimes  is  known  as  smoke 
tree.  It  forms  a  small  tree  of  ten  to  twelve  feet  high,  suited  for 
a  position  by  itself  on  a  lawn,  or  better  as  a  background  plant 
for  a  shrub  group.  Light  dry  soils  suit^  it  best.  There  are 
several  other  varieties  of  rhus.  many  of  them  very  ornamental 


FIG.  56.— JAPAN  QUINCE. 

and  worthy  a  place  in  large  collections,  but  not  so  of  positions 
where  they  come  under  close  observation.  Rhus  veneneta  and 
toxieodendron  are  extremely  poisonous. 

The  JAPAN  QUINCE — Pyrus. — The  scarlet-flowering  quince — 
pyrus  Japonica — is  so  well  known  that  it  seems  hardly  requisite 
to  do  more  than  name  it ;  and  yet,  well  known  as  it  is,  its  real 
value  as  a  shrub  plant  has  been  but  little  appreciated..  Massed 
with  low-growing  evergreens,  or  in  clusters  by  itself  upon  the 
lawn  or  border,  its  brilliancy  of  bloom  always  calls  attention  and 


ORNAMENTAL    DECIDUOUS    SUKUBS.  Ill 

admiration,  and  in  such  positions  it  has  been  generally  grown. 
As  a  hedge  plant,  in  impenetrability  it  is  second  only  to  thorn 
or  osage  orange,  while  for  beauty  its  blooms  and  foliage  surpass 
all  other  plants.  As  a  narrow  low  screen,  it  may  be  trained 
upright  on  wires,  its  side  branches  spurred  in  and  made  to 
present  a  perfect  barrier,  yet  occupying  only  a  very  narrow 
space  in  width.  There  are  now  a  number  of  varieties,  varying 
in  the  color  of  their  flowers  from  a  delicate  blush  white  to  a 


FIG.  57.— BED  BUD. 

deep  rich  crimson,  and  one  with  flowers  semi  or  nearly  double ; 
and  where  only  one  plant  is  wanted,  it  is  perhaps  the  best. 

The  RED  BUD — Cercis. — The  Judas  tree,  or,  as  more  commonly 
known,  the  red  bud — cercis  Canadensis — forms  a  low,  round- 
headed  tree  of  from  eight  to  fifteen  feet  in  height,  with  round 
heart-shaped  leaves  of  a  dark  bluish  green  above  and  a  light 
sea  green  underneath,  that  make  it  remarkable  as  well  aa 


112 


LAWN    AND    SHADE   TREES. 


beautiful.  It  combines  in  planting  harmoniously  with  the 
laburnum,  snow-ball,  thorn,  and  others,  but  its  best  position  is 
just  against  or  intermixed  on  the  outskirts  of  a  group  of 
Austrian  or  Norway  pines.  There  its  profusion  of  bright 
pinkish  red  flowers,  early  in  April  and  before  the  leaves  have 
grown,  borne  all  along  on  its  branches,  and  often  even  on 
the  main  stem,  are  brought  out  so  finely  against  the  green  of 
the  pines,  that  it  becomes  one  of  the  ^most  pleasing  and 
prominent  of  ornamental  trees.  There  are  two  species  in  culti- 
vation, the  American,  C.  Canadensis,  and  the  European,  G. 


FIG.  58.— STUARTIA. 

siliquastrum.  The  European-  blooms  rather  more  freely  than 
the  American,  and  of  a  shade  deeper  in  color.  Any  well-drained 
soil  suits  it. 

The  SNOW  BERRY — Symphoricarpus. — The  snow  berry  or  St. 
Peter's  wort  is  a  common  well-known  old  shrub,  considered 
troublesome,  when  planted  by  itself  or  near  borders,  on  account 
of  its. numerous  suckers.  It  is  a  good  shrub  to  use  in  rock-work. 


ORNAMENTAL   DECIDUOUS   SHRUBS.  113 

and  its  white  fruit  contrasts  prettily  when  it  is  planted  among 
low-growing  shrub  evergreens  of  narrow  foliage.  The  varieties 
racemosus  and  montanus  have  white  fruit,  while  the  vulgaris, 
which  is  sometimes  called  Indian  currant,  has  red  fruit. 

The  STTJARTIA. — The  Stuartia  pentagynia  and  Virginica  are 
shrubs,  natives  of  the  higher  portions  of  Virginia  and  Tennes- 
see, and  but  little  cultivated.  They  are  partially  hardy,  fully  so 
in  sheltered  positions,  but  not  perfectly  in  open,  clear  exposures. 


FIG.  59. -STRAWBERRY  TREE. 

The  foliage  is  large,  broad  oval  or  ovate,  and  the  "flowers  also 
large  and  pure  white  or  with  a  shade  of  purple  at  the  bottom 
of  the  petals,  and  the  bloom  is  kept  up  some  six  weeks  in 
succession  in  July  and  August.  They  are  beautiful  shrubs, 
and  deserve  a  place  and  care  in  all  gardens.  Moist  sandy 
loam  containing  considerable  of  vegetable  mold  suits  their 
wants  best. 

The  STRAWBERRY  TREE — Euonymus. — The  euonymus  Ameri- 


114 


LAWN    AND    SHADE   TREES. 


canus  is  known  in  various  places  under  the  different  names  of 
strawberry  tree,  spindle  tree,  burning  bush,  etc.,  etc.,  and 
although  common  is  a  much  prized  and  very  ornamental  shrub 
tree.  The  varieties  are  all  good  and  desirable,  as  decorative 
plants  especially,  when  they  can  be  used  in  connection  with  low- 
growing  evergreens,  that  assist  in  bringing  more  prominently 
forward  their  bright  rose-colored,  crimson,  or  white  fruit,  which 
generally  hangs  on  all  winter.  The  difference  in  the  American 
or  European  varieties,  so  far  as  ornamental  use  is  regarded,  is 


FIG.  60. — SPIRAEA  PIUTNIFOLIA  FLORE  PLENO. 

mainly  in  the  stronger  growth  of  the  European,  it  sometimes 
making  a  tree  of  fifteen  to  twenty  feet  high,  while  the  American 
rarely  grows  over  eight  to  twelve  feet.  The  broad-leaved 
variety,  latifolia,  is  the  handsomest  in  its  foliage,  and  should  be 
used  when  only  one  plant  is  wanted. 

The  SPANISH  BROOM—  Cytisus.— The  Cytims  var.  capitatus, 
hirsutus,  and  others,  are  small  slender- growing  plants,  more 
singular  than  handsome.  They  are  not  perfectly  hardy,  often 


ORNAMENTAL   DECIDUOUS    SHRUBS.  115 

dying  out  after  a  few  years'  culture.  Their  value  is  mainly  in 
some  position  near  the  top  of  some  rocky  point.  Stems 
greenish  yellow,  flowers  yellow  in  June  and  July. 

The  SOPHORA. — The  sophora  Japonica  or  Japan  sophora  is  a 
beautiful  round-headed  tree,  with  smooth  dark  green  bark  and 
delicate  blue  green  foliage.  In  the  Northern  and  Middle  States 
it  is  not  perfectly  hardy,  but  south  of  Philadelphia  it  stands 
pretty  well,  and  deserves  a  place  in  all  grounds  where  the 
climate  will  admit.  It  is  sometimes  grown  in  sheltered  situa- 


FIG.  61. — SPIRAEA  CALLOSA. 

tions  at  the  North,  amid  evergreens  or  on  poor  thin  soils,  which 
seem  to  increase  its  hardiness,  probably  because  of  less  succu- 
lence in  the  shoots  and  their  better  ripening. 

The  SPIRAEA. — The  species  and  varieties  of  spiraea  number  over 
fifty,  all  of  which  are  hardy  and  beautiful  both  in  flower  and 
foliage.  A  group  may  be  formed  alone  of  the  varieties  of  spira?a 
that  will  give  almost  a  continuation  of  flowers  from  May  until 
October.  Their  growth  is  usually  from  two  to  four  feet, 


116 


LAWN    AND    SHADE   TKEES. 


coming  from  the  crown  by  a  number  of  stems  in  the  natural 
way;  but  they  may  be  kept  to  a  single  stem  if  desired,  and 
clipped  to  any  wished  height.  No  place  can  be  complete  with- 
out many  plants  of  the  spiraea,  and  no  garden  is  too  small  to 
admit  of  their  introduction. 

The  following  are  among  the  most  beautiful,  viz.,  prunifolia 
flore  pleno,  niconderti,  thalictroides,  crenata,  lanceolata  fare 
pleno,  callosa  alia,  and  floribunda,  all  witji.  white  flowers.  The 


FIG.  62.— SPIRAEA  DOUGLASSL 

~bella,  Nobleana,  eximia,  callosa,  Douglassii,  and  Billardii  all  have 
pink  or  rosy  flowers.  For  decorating  small  lots  in  cemeteries 
all  the  spiraaas  are  extremely  well  suited,  especially  those  with 
white  flowers. 

The  SNOW-BALL — Viburnum. — The  snow-ball  or  Guelder  rose 
— viburnum  opulus — is  a  well-known  shrub,  common  in  almost  all 


ORNAMENTAL   DECIDUOUS    SHRUBS. 


117 


gardens,  and  is  truly  one  of  the  most  ornamental  shrubs  or  low 
trees  known.  It  is  suited  either  to  mass  with  other  deciduous 
plants  or  for  grouping  with  low  evergreens,  or  as  a  single  plant. 
Its  large  clusters  of  white  flowers  early  in  May,  and  large,  broad 
foliage,  which  toward  autumn  changes  to  a  bright  red,  make  it 
always  handsome.  There  is  a  double-flowering  variety,  and 
several  with  variously  shaped  foliage ;  the  lantana-leaved — 


FIG.  63.— SILVER  BELL. 


lantanoides — being  the  best.  The  high  bush  cranberry — vibur- 
num oxycoccns — is  less  ornamental  in  its  flowers,  but  is  more  so 
in  its  fruit;  and  besides,  it  may  be  made  to  serve  economically  in 
the  use  of  the  fruit  as  a  substitute  for  cranberries,  while  it  fills  a 


118  LAWN   AND   SHADE   TREES. 

prominent  place  for  ornament  in  the  shrubbery.  All  of  the 
varieties  grow  freely  in  any  good  garden  soil. 

The  SNOW-DROP  TREE — Halesia. — When  in  flower,  the  snow- 
drop or  silver-bell  tree  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  objects 
among  shrub  trees.  The  tetraptera  or  four-winged  halesia 
produces  a  profusion  of  pure  white  flowers,  like  snow-drops, 
hanging  in  small  clusters  of  four  to  eight  all  along  its  branches, 
that  open  during  the  last  of  April  or  earjy  in  May,  before  the 
leaves  have  grown,  giving  to  the  tree  a  most  unique  and 
beautiful  effect  from  its  waving,  drooping  mass  of  snowy  white 
laced  with  the  lines  of  dark  brown  from  its  branches.  It  makes 
a  tree  in  height  from  fifteen  to  twenty  feet. 

The  diptera  or  two- winged  halesia  does  not  bloom  as  early  as 
the  four-winged,  but  its  flowers  are  larger  and  even  more  pure 
white,  so  that  when  in  bloom  the  tree  excites  the  admiration  of 
all  beholders.  The  foliage  is  larger  and  broader  than  the  tetrap- 
tera, and  altogether  it  is  a  variety  that  should  be  planted  in  all 
collections  of  any  extent.  As  small  lawn  trees,  or  for  prominent 
positions  in  small  yards,  both  varieties  are  worthy  a  place,  and 
when  planted  in  front  of  a  cluster  of  evergreens  their  beauty  is 
much  increased  in  effect. 

The  SWEET- SCENTED  SHRUB  —  Calycanthus.  —  The  sweet- 
scented  shrub  or  allspice — calycanthus  floridus — is  a  low  shrub 
with  broad,  dark  brownish  green  foliage  and  dark  brown  wood, 
producing  a  dull,  dusky,  chocolate-colored  flower  highly  per- 
fumed, as  is  also  the  foliage,  but  less  strong ;  and  it  is 
from  this  peculiar  and  agreeable  perfume  that  the  plant 
obtains  universal  favor  and  introduction  into  even  the  smallest 
gardens.  Its  growth  is  usually  three  to  four  feet  high  and  as 
many  broad,  blossoms  mostly  produced  in  June,  although,  in 
some  seasons,  occasional  flowers  are  produced  until  autumn. 
There  are  quite  a  number  of  varieties,  varying  in  the  form  of 
foliage ;  and  where  room  can  be  had  for  a  cluster,  their  intro- 


ORNAMENTAL   DECIDUOUS    SHRUBS.  119 

cluction  by  increased  variety  adds  much  to  the  beauty  of  a 
garden.  The  variety  floridus  is,  however,  the  most  fragrant  and 
desirable  when  only  one  plant  is  wanted.  Pieces  of  the  root  have 
a  strong  camphor  scent.  Rich,  "deep  sandy,  loamy  soil,  and  a 
position  partially  shaded,  produce  the  most  healthy  and  vigor- 
ous growth. 

The  SYRINGA — PMladelphus. — The  syringa  or  mock  orange  is 
another  old  and  well-known  shrub,  some  of  its  varieties  being 
cultivated  in  nearly  every  garden  in  the  United  States.  All  are 
hardy,  and  grow  freely  in  almost  any  soil  or  situation ;  all 
produce  white  flowers,  many  of  them  very  fragrant,  and  some  as 
beautiful  as  orange  blossoms.  The  height  attained  by  most 
varieties  is  from  eight  to  ten  feet,  with  stiff,  erect  stems  and  side 
branches  that  when  in  flower  droop  at  the  ends.  There  are 
two  or  three  dwarf  varieties,  growing  three  to  four  feet, 
as  hirsutus,  nana,  and  others ;  but  they  do  not  flower  as  freely  as 
the  taller  growing  sorts,  and  are  not  desirable,  because  the 
Deutzias,  spiraeas,  etc.,  may  take  their  place.  The  syringas 
incline  to  throw  up  a  cluster  of  stems ;  and  if  left  and  clipped 
at  top  may  be  formed  into  handsome  shapes,  or  they  may  be 
kept  to  one  single  stem  by  cutting  away  all  suckers.  Of  the 
varieties  the  Garland — coronarius — profuse  flowered,  floribundus, 
and  Gordon's  Gordoniana  are  among  the  best. 

The  TAMARISK — Tamarix. — The  tamarisk  is  one  of  the  most 
delicate  and  airy-like  in  appearance  among  shrubs.  Its  annual 
stems  are  long  and  slender,  with  very  narrow  juniper  or  red 
cedar-like  foliage ;  and  early  in  May  the  African  and  Algiers  are 
covered  all  along  the  branches  with  small,  bright  pinkish  red 
flowers,  making  them  very  attractive  and  especially  beautiful 
when  seen  from  among  a  group  of  junipers,  savins,  etc.  There 
are  several  other  varieties,  as  the  German,  French,  etc.,  all  more 
or  less  tender  except  in  sheltered  situations  or  having  winter 
protection,  when  grown  in  the  Northern  and  Middle  States. 


120 


LAWN    AND    SHADE    TKEES. 


The  plant  should  be  clipped  back  occasionally,  otherwise  it  is 
liable  to  grow  too  rambling,  irregular,  and  tall,  and  its  beauty 
and  quantity  of  bloom  become  reduced.  Any  good  loamy 
soil  suits  it. 

The  WEIGELA. — Among  all  the  plants  introduced  during  the 
past  thirty  years,  we  do  not  think  any  one  more  truly  beautiful 


FIG.  64.— WHITE  FRINGE  TREE. 

than  the  Weigela  rosea  when  in  flower.  It  is  a  shrub  of  the  easiest 
cultivation,  growing  freely  in  almost  any  soil,  forming  a  round 
regular  bush ;  and  when  loaded  with  its  large  clusters  of  rose- 
colored  flowers,  borne  upon  the  side  branches  and  at  the 
extremities  of  the  shoots,  it  has  a  slightly  drooping  and 
graceful  form,  extremely  beautiful.  Since  its  introduction 
varieties  have  been  produced,  all  very  beautiful,  but  none 
surpassing  the  rosea.  The  amabilis  has  a  somewhat  larger  foliage, 
and  a  habit  of  sometimes  blooming  in  autumn,  which  makes  it 
quite  desirable.  Alba  has  flowers  almost  white  or  of  a  delicate 


ORNAMENTAL    DECIDUOUS    SHRUBS.  121 

pinkish  white,  and  Desbois  has  flowers  like  rosea,  except  they 
are  darker  when  first  opened.  The  variegated-leaved  weigela  is 
a  strong  grower,  and  desirable  on  account  of  its  foliage,  being 
edged  with  yellow. 

The  plants  may  be  grown  in  clusters  or  to  a  single  stem.  In 
the  latter  way  the  side  branches  become  horizontal,  almost 
drooping,  especially  when  in  flower,  and  for  single  specimens 
present  in  this  manner  perhaps  the  best  and  most  pleasing 
effect. 

The  WHITE  FRINGE  TREE — Chionantlms. — The  white  fringe 
tree  or  Virginian  snow-flower — chionanthus  Virginica — is  a  shrub 
or  low  tree  with  dark  green  foliage  and  producing  a  profusion 
of  drooping  racemes  of  pretty  white  flowers  in  the  month  of 
June.  It  delights  in  moist  soil,  and  by  the  side  of  water  grows 
vigorously,  and  is,  when  in  flower,  an  extremely  pretty  shrub. 
In  dry  soils  its  growth  is  very  slow,  and  it  is  not  specially 
desirable  as  compared  with  many  other  plants  that  grow  freely 
and  bloom  at  the  same  period. 

6 


INDEX. 


DECIDUOUS  TREES. 


PAGE 

AbeleTree 40 

Ash,  European S 

American 9 

Gold-barked 9 

Willow-leaved s 9 

Myrtle     do 9 

Crisped    do 10 

Dwarf  Globe-headed 9 

Gold-blotched 10 

Flowering 10 

Mountain 36 

Macrophylla 11 

Ailantus— Tree  of  Heaven 11 

Basswood. 22 

Beech,  American 11 

u     Purple-leaved 12 

"     Cut-leaved 13 

*«     Crested 13 

"     Oak-leaved 13 

"      Large  do 13 

«     Gold-striped 13 

"      Silver    do 13 

Box  Elder 29 

Birch,  Black 13 

"      Tall 13 

"      European  White 13 

Butternut 13 

Catalpa 14 

Chestnut,  Sweet 14 

Horse 21 

"     '    French  Marron 15 

Coffee  Tree,  Kentucky 15 

Cucumber  Tree 30 

Cherry,  Bird 15 

"      Perfumed  or  Mahaleb 16 

"      Double  Flowering 16 

Cypress,  Deciduous 16 

Dogwood,  Florida 17 

"         Variegated-leaved 18 

"          Red-twigged 18 

"          European 18 

Elm,  American  White 18 

Red 18 

"    European 19 

"    Scotch 19 

"    Cork-barked 20 

Ginka,  Japan 20 


PAGE 

Horse-Chestnut,  White  Flowering..  21 

Yellow       do.        .  22 

Red  do.        .  22 

"  Double       do.        .  22 

Hickory 22 

Linden  or  Lime 22 

"      White-leaved 24 

"      European 24 

"      Fern-leaved 24 

"      Grape   do 24 

Locust 24 

"      Spreading 24 

"      Crisp-leaved 24 

"     Rose-flowered 24 

"      Honey 24 

Larch,  European 25 

"      American 26 

Maple 26 

r    RedorScarlet 26 

Silver-leaved 27 

Sugar 28 

Norway 28 

Sycamore 28 

Striped-barked 28 

"     Large-leaved 28 

"     English 28 

"     Tricolor 29 

"     Cut-leaved 29 

"     Purple  do 29 

"     Ash       do 29 

Magnolia  acuminata 29 

macrophylla 30 

cordata 31 

auriculata 31 

glauca 31 

longifolia 32 

Gordoniana 32 

Thompsoniana 32 

tripetala 32 

purpurea 33 

gracilis 33 

conspicua 33 

Soulangia 33 

Norbertiana 33 

Lenne 33 


Mulberry 


Dowaing's  Everbearing. ,.  38 


124: 


INDEX. 


PAGE 

Mountain  Ash,  American 34 

European.   35 

Aria  or  Vertata 35 

Oak-leaved 35 

Elder    do 35 

Pear     do 35 

Gold-striped 35 

Oak,  White  37 

"    Rock  Chestnut 37 

"    Scarlet 37 

"    English 37 

kk    Live. 37 

"    Cork-barked 37 

Qsage  Orange 37 

Poplar,  Lorabardy 38 

Balsam 40 


PAGE 

Poplar,  Balm  of  Gilead 40 

Silver 40 

Pepperidge 40 

Persimmon 41 

Paulownia 42 

Sha  vanon 14 

Sassafras 42 

Service  Tree 35 

Tulip  Tree 42 

Tamarack 26 

Walnut,  European 43 

Black 43 

White 22 

Willow,  Golflen 43 

White 44 

White  Bean  Tree 35 


WEEPING  DECIDUOUS   TREES. 


Acacia,  Weeping 55 

Ash,  European  Weeping 46 

"    Gold-barked    do.  ..  47 


do. 


"    Lentiscus 
Beech,  Weeping 

Birch,  European  Weeping 

"      Cut-leaved     do 

Cherry,  Everfloweriug  Weeping  . 
Dwarf  do. 


Elm,  Scotch  Weeping 

"     Camperdown  Weeping 


Scampstou          do. 


Larch,  Weeping 55 

Linden,  White-leaved  Weeping 50 

Locust,  Weeping 55 

51 

do.    " 51 

do 51 

do 51 

do 51 

do.  ..  54 


ig 

Mountain  Ash,  Weeping 

Poplar, 
Sophora, 
Thorn, 
Willow, 

"      Fountain 


"      Kilmarnock  Weeping 54 

Varieties  of  Trees  with  Variegated 
Foliage 56 


EVERGREEN  TREES. 


Arbor  Vitse,  American 77 

*'          '     Hovey's . .77 

"          '     Tom  Thumb 77 

'     Chinese 78 

"          '     Siberian 78 

"          '     Erioides 77 

Cedar,Red    78 

"      Lebanon 79 

"      Indian  or  Deodar 79 

"      African  or  Silver 79 

"     Japan 79 

Cypress,  Lawson's 70 

Fir,  Balsam 70 

"    Nordman's 72 

"    Pinsapo. . .    72 

"    European  Silver 70 

"    Noble  Silver 72 

"    Mount  Enos 72 

"    Cephalonian 73 

11    Hudson's  Bay 72 

"    Hemlock...  ..  77 


Pine,  Heavy-wooded 65 

Benthatn's 64 

Corsican 64 

Scotch 64 

Banksian 63 

Russian 62 

Australia 61 

Austrian 60 

Norway 67 

'     Calabrian 66 

'     Pitch 67 

'     Yellow 60 

'     Bhotan 60 

1     Swiss 67 

'     White 58 

Sequoia  gigantea 67 

Spruce,  Norway 73 

"       American  Red  73 

White 73 

"        Hemlock 77 

Thujopsis  Borealis 70 


WEEPING  EVERGREEN  TREES. 

Funebral  Cypress 80  I  Juniperus,  Virginiana  pendula 81 

Juniperus  oblonga  pendula 80  |  Thuja  ftliformis 81 


INDEX. 


125 


EVERGREEN  SHRUBS. 


PAGE 

Andromeda 89 

Ash  Berry 87 

Box  Tree,  Semper virens 87 

"     Mystifolfa 87 

'     Aurea 87 

"        "     Argentea 87 

Cotoneaster 88  . 

Daphne  Cneorum 91  | 


Evergreen  Thorn,  Pyracantha. . 

Enonymus 

Holly 

Juniper  Suecica 

Hibernica 

Canadensis 

"       squamata 

*'       nana 


PAGE 

Juniper  echiniformis 84 

"        sabina 84 

"        prostrata 84 

Kalmia  latifolia 90 

"       angustifolia 90 

Mahonia  aquifolia 87 

Pine,  Pumilo 85 

Mugho 


88  I  Rhododendron  maximum 90 

Catawbiense 90 

Yew,  Japan 85 

English 86 

Irish 86 

Erect 86 

American . .  86 


..  84 


ORNAMENTAL  DECIDUOUS  SHRUBS. 


Acacia 93 

Althea 94 

Alder 94 

Almond 94 

Azalea 95 

Amorpha 96 

Amelanchier 96 

Barberry 97 

Buckthorn 97 

Buffalo  Tree 98 

Bladder  Senna 98 

Nut 98 

Clethra 98 

Currant 99 

Deutzia 100 

Elder 101 

Forsythia 101 

Golden  Bell  Shrub 101 

Halesia 118 

Hawthorn 101 

Horse-Chestnut 101 

Honeysuckle •. 102 

Hop  tree 101 

Hydrangea 101 

Hippohae 104 

Indigo  Shrub 96 

June  Berry 96 

Judas  Tree  or  Red  Bud Ill 

Japan  Globe  Flower 104 

Japan  Quince 110 


Koelreuteria ,,. . . 104 

Laburnum 105 

Locust,  Clammy-barked 93 

"       Varieties 93 

Lilac 105 

Mezereum 106 

Magnolia 106 

Oleaster 107 

Flowering  Plum 108 

Double  Flowering 108 

Privet  or  Prim 109 

Purple  Fringe 110 

Red  Bud Ill 

Rose  of  Sharon 94 

Snow  Berry 112 

St.  Peter's  Wort 112 

Swamp  Pink 95 

Shad  Bush 96 

Stuartia 113 

Strawberry  Tree 113 

Spanish  Broom 113 

Sophora 114 

Spirea     114 

Snowball 115 

Snowdrop  or  Silver  Bell  Tree 118 

Syringa 119 

Sweet-scented  Shrub 118 

Tamarisk 119 

Weigela 120 

White  Fringe  Tree 121 


FOURTEEN  DAY  USE 

RETURN  TO  DESK  FROM  WHICH  BORROWED 


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on  the  date  to  which  renewed. 
Renewed  books  are  subject  to  immediate  recall. 


«  :t 


LD  21-100m-2,'55 
(Bl39s22)476 


General  Library 

University  of  California 

Berkeley 


•  I   LJ 


